Henry James’s The Turn of the Screw and William Golding’s Lord of the Flies Essay

Compare the ways in which children are portrayed in Henry James’s The Turn of the Screw and William Golding’s Lord of the Flies. How convincing do you find each author’s treatment of evil in relation to his characters? Everyone likes to think of childhood as a symbol of a time of innocence. People tend to look back on their childhood nostalgically, they remember it as carefree and often use the term ‘youth is wasted on the young’ these feelings have stayed with us for centuries and are incredibly deep rooted. These feelings therefore, create widespread outrage when evil becomes apparent in children or is inflicted upon them, For example the murder of James Bulger by ten year olds and also abuse and corruption of children. Children are thought of as vulnerable, when there vulnerability is taken advantage of, especially by another child a question is asked, is childhood innocence a myth? The Victorians were aware of the religious doctrine of original sin, yet they were shocked that there was the suggestion that the two young children in Henry James’s The Turn of the Screw could be evil. Golding presents children with a strong propensity to evil and disorder. Golding’s children are a mixture, from saintly Simon to barbaric Jack. The fact that the two writers have different aims to come of their stories should be taken into consideration. Golding has written a fable, whilst his characters are all boys, and are recognisably boys; they all possess different characters that are intended to represent humanity. They are all individuals, Ralph, Piggy, Simon and Jack but each one can be categorised. On the other hand James has written a ghost story, albeit of an unconventional kind. Also, the two children in The Turn of the Screw are never actually shown from a different point of view from that of the governess, we never see Miles and Flora as wholly rounded individuals we don’t gain access into their thoughts and feelings and therefore could interpret them wrongly. They could be the corrupted accomplices of Peter Quint and Miss Jessel, as the governess believes, or they could be the sexually obsessed fantasies in her head. In Golding’s novel there is not a definite narrator. Golding allows us to know what the boys are thinking and feeling; this is particularly true of Ralph and Simon. When Miles and Flora are first introduced into the novel they are seen through the romantic and idealising vision of the governess and therefore are portrayed to us as ‘innocent and beautiful; they have charm and perfect manners’ Yes, this is because the governess has a romantic imagination and is overwhelmed by her new responsibilities but it also could be because the children’s innocence portrayed in the first chapters of the novel makes their depravity later on seem all the more shocking to the reader as a contrast. When we first meet Golding’s boys however they are portrayed to us far more realistically, Piggy is an excellent example of this as he is the first most down to earth character we meet, you immediately get an image of piggy and the things he says are never questioned in the readers head to be unrealistic or fake about him. This is because his speech and manners aren’t perfect, which is what you would expect in a child. For me both authors treatment of evil in relation to his characters are convincing. James approaches the question of evil by being deliberately inexplicit. We are never actually informed as to what offence Miles was expelled from school ‘I said things’- Miles. Also, in chapter six the governess feels a ‘sudden sickness of disgust’ when she learns from Mrs. Grose that Quint was ‘too free’ with Miles. Again we don’t learn exactly what this means; it could refer to some sort of sexual abuse. I think this is a convincing and effective way of putting across the evil in the book because the novel seems to gain in power precisely because James refuses to spell things out for the reader. The ghostly apparitions are given a genuinely chilly impact ‘he slowly changed his place, looking at me hard all the while, to the opposite corner of the platform’ through the governess’s reaction the reader is made vividly aware of an atmosphere of evil. For Golding evil is first manifest in the gradual breakdown of order amongst the boys: they neglect things they agreed to do together, such as building shelters; they pick on or shun those who are different, notably piggy and Simon. Roger begins to discover that he enjoys wielding power over others and even inflicting pain; the lure of hunting turns into blood lust; the boys succumb to the fear of the ‘Beast’ and superstition. Simon the visionary is the only boy with the insight to see that evil is a part of Melanie Parkes human nature. The Beast is not an external creature to be feared, but it is inside each one of them. This evil is an enemy of reason and order and wishes to extinguish them. It results in murder, first of Simon, then of Piggy, and finally the boys intend to hunt and kill Ralph. I also find the evil in children implication convincing in Goldings writing as it implies that evil comes from within and is present in everyone, even children. The build up to children murdering each other in this story is convincing and therefore the evil in them is convincing as nothing on the island apart from a dead corpse was there to trigger the evil that came from only them. Overall the two writers manage to deal with ‘evil’ in different but effectively, whilst both stories are of a different genre they both deal with the fact that evil may well be present in children. The children are portrayed differently because evil because apparent them in different ways, in James’s novel through the ghosts and in Golding’s novel through ‘The Beast’ however in both books evil is seen as a force, which consumes and destroys. Miles is destroyed at the end of James’s novel though in ambiguous circumstances. In Golding’s novel, the entire island is turned from a paradise into a raging inferno.

How Does Emily Dickinson Try to Describe a Psychological State in Her Poem “I Felt a Funeral in My Brain”

How does Emily Dickinson try to describe a psychological state in her poem â€Å"I felt a Funeral in my Brain? † Emily Dickson was born in 1830, in the town of Amherst, Massachusetts. She grew up in a prominent and prosperous household in which she was raised as a cultured Christian woman. The sixteenth centaury was a very historical period in America. During this time slavery had been abolished, women were campaigning for rights, gold was discovered and America was going through a depression. Transcendentalism was one of the most important movements of the time. Rad also  We grow accustomed to the darkThe poem â€Å"I felt a Funeral in my Brain† appears to convey the experience of a mind facing its own collapse. â€Å"Funeral in my Brain† is a metaphor for the death of the mind. Throughout the poem Dickinson expresses the idea of a breakdown which is both psychological and physical. The opening stanza presents the metaphor of a funeral that is used throughout the poem to convey the sense of a breakdown. â€Å"Brain†Ã‚  refers to both the concrete physical organ and to the abstract idea of the speaker’s mind; such dual meanings are used throughout the poem to convey the physical and mental effects of the breakdown.The noun â€Å"Funeral† refers to the speakers psychological mind in which she feels like is slowly dying. The speaker is experiencing synaesthesia as well as feeling detached from her body and her thoughts, she is also having difficulty organising her thoughts. Both â€Å"Funeral† and â⠂¬Å"Brain† have capital letters which emphasise the importance of their impact and the theme throughout the poem. Both words are polar opposites as you wouldn’t relate your brain which is the most powerful and most important organ to that of a funeral which is related to death, sadness and sorrow.This therefore implies that the speaker is experiencing a depression of the mind. The fact that the speaker â€Å"felt† a funeral in her brain suggests that the funeral is psychological instead of a physical event. The speaker expresses her feelings instead of delineating them. A funeral is also a religious event which is held in a place of worship. This illustrates the importance of religion during the 16th century and the impact it had on the lives of people during that period.The second line of the stanza â€Å"And Mourners to and fro† is a metaphorical way of explaining her state of mind and expressing the pain in her mind it also suggests that the mourners co uld possibly be one of the reasons why the speaker is in a depression. â€Å"To and fro† means to move back and forth; the mourners may be stuck in her head as she is thinking about them, they are not leaving her mind, they continue to confuse her and disconnect her with her thoughts. Another interpretation could be that the mourners are trying to tell her something or try and make her aware. Mourners† refers to a group of people, this suggests that society may be against her and her beliefs; they are not allowing her to have a thought process but are trying to confuse her. A â€Å"mourner† is a person or persons in this case who expresse grief and sorrow while attending a funeral; which is in the speaker’s brain. In addition this links to the funeral in her brain it implies that she may have a headache from the â€Å"mourners† confusing her or by staying in her mind, they may be depressing her even more.The speaker creates imagery by trying to expr ess the funeral in her brain as a physical event instead of a psychological one. The speaker implies that she is actually attending a funeral, to her it seems real but to others it may suggest a sense of madness and loss of reality. In the third and fourth line of the first stanza Dickson uses a metaphor to describe and create imagery of the speakers mind. â€Å"Kept treading-treading- till it seemed that sense was breaking through† she uses a verb â€Å"treading† to emphasis the effect of the mourners.The verb â€Å"treading â€Å"implies that the mourners are walking on, over or along her. They are trying to trample or crush her both physically and mentally. â€Å"Treading† is repeated through repetition to exaggerate what the mourners are doing to her. It indicates a pressure that is pushing her down. Treading is a harsh word, the fact that it’s repeated suggests that it’s ongoing; they are not stopping. The mourners may be treading so that th e speaker begins to understand, they may be treading to bring out a sense of reality back in to her, they are trying to wake her up.This links to the idea of sleep paralysis; she may be dreaming and not aware. Dickinson also uses alliteration to emphasis and enhances the word â€Å"treading†. â€Å"That sense was breaking through† this implies that the speaker is understanding what is going on , things are starting to make sense to her as the mourners were treading which sparked something in her brain to understand. On the other hand there are many different things which could be breaking through to her.It may be that the mourners are pushing her to make sense or that she finally understood herself and her own sense and beliefs were sinking in. Her â€Å"sense† (or knowledge) of what is occurring begins â€Å"breaking through† to climax in some kind of understanding about her impending devastation. Like the word brain, which has two meanings, the word sen se can also refer to the speaker’s physical senses, which are likewise affected by the mourners plaguing her mind. In addition I felt a cleaving in my mind compares to I felt a funeral in my brain in many ways.The poet has been in a depression and unhealthy mental state. In the first stanza she feels like her brain is splitting and she is trying to gather herself but could not succeed. In comparison to the speaker in Dickinson poem â€Å"that sense was breaking through† She described her condition in simple clear words such as â€Å"cleaving, brain, seam by seam† just like Dickinson has delineated the speakers condition in words that everyone can relate to and understand such as â€Å"funeral, brain †¦Ã¢â‚¬  the poem is also similar to that of Dickinson’s because the speakers both experience a depression of the mind. I felt a funeral in my brain† and â€Å"I felt a cleaving in my mind† however the speaker feels a funeral in her brain a nd the other in her mind. Even though both are similar your brain is an organ whereas your mind is originated in your brain but is manifested in thought and emotion. On the other hand a psychological depression is possible in both your mind and brain. In the second stanza of Dickinson’s â€Å" I felt a funeral in my brain† The mourners are all seated, representing a quiet moment, perhaps marking the end of the speaker’s initial panic or mental chaos.However, the respite is short-lived, and the â€Å"Service, like a Drum† begins a fresh assault on both her physical senses and mind. The sound of the drum, like the treading of the mourners, is another attack on her sanity, an attack so fierce that she feels her mind â€Å"going numb. † Numbness is a physical sensation that stands as another example of the speaker’s struggle to convey her experience in understandable physical terms. â€Å"A Service like a Drum† is a metaphor giving refere nce to the normalcy of everyday life that people went on living while she was falling apart and breaking down.This line implies that her â€Å"funeral† is more like a performance rather than a religious gathering as a â€Å"drum† is not the usual instrument which is played at a funeral or a service. A drum is however an upbeat and continuous musical instrument. This may suggest that her headache is still there. â€Å"A service like a drum† also conveys military imagery since the mourners are all seated, no one is standing and a drum is on beat. This implies the idea of conformity during the sixteenth centaury. It also uggests that her â€Å"funeral service† was like any other, it was normal, nothing out of the ordinary occurred. This may also imply that the speaker feels tense as a drum makes a pressuring beat which is never ending. This refers to the first line â€Å"And they all were seated†. â€Å"They† conveys the idea that society was t ogether and she was alone. This therefore gives reference to isolation. The speaker could have said â€Å"we† instead of â€Å"they† which portrays that the speaker was not part of their group and didn’t conform.This implies that she had different views and beliefs to that of society which led to her being an outcast. Dickinson uses repetition when delineating the sound of the drum and her psychological state. â€Å"Kept beating-beating-till I thought my mind was going numb† This chips away at her mind until she can’t endure anymore so it goes numb. The word beating is also used as a homonym, being used as the verb beating in that it is not only the sound of the beating of the drum, but the beating down of a person. The â€Å"beating† goes on until she can endure no more until she â€Å"goes numb†.It implies the psychological torture of her interaction with people and how it lost any meaning and just droned on an on in her mind, torme nting her in its absence of actual meaning. It was the psychological beating and the metaphor of beating like a drum, as well as the abuse that it felt like. The repetition of the verb â€Å"beating† emphasises the fact that the drum or in fact society won’t stop pressurising her and continues to feed information to her even though she doesn’t want to hear it. It also suggests that the service was very long as it kept â€Å"beating beating â€Å".The speaker is affected by the beating of the drum as her mind goes â€Å"numb† which suggests that her condition is deteriorating and the drum beat is fading into her mind. The beliefs of Society are starting to sink in to her head. The words â€Å"Drum† and â€Å"Numb† rhyme in the stanza which correlates the difference between them and implies that the drum makes her mind go numb. This second stanza is similar to that of I felt a cleaving in my mind, as in this stanza she tried to follow her th oughts and the thoughts before however it was out of sequence.They were like â€Å"balls on the floor† slipping away, discrete, and incoherent and out of reach. This compares to that of her mind going â€Å"numb† because of the beating of the drum. In the third stanza of Dickinson’s poem the speaker implies that the â€Å"funeral† has to come to an end as â€Å"And then I heard them lift a box† suggests that her casket is being carried out to be put into her grave. This creates imagery as it leads to delineate her physiological state. â€Å"And creak across my soul† the word â€Å"soul† refers to a spiritual and religious state of mind. â€Å"Creak† leads us to think that the soul must be made of wood.When the mourners lifted the coffin they tore at her soul as if the death of her mind was still not the end. The fact that they creaked across her soul suggests that they wanted there to be nothing left of her, implying that all t hat they had already done to her was not the end, but there was more suffering left even though she thought it was over. Dickinson uses a metaphor â€Å"creak across my soul† to portray the speaker as suffering even at her funeral. If you creak it implies that you are hiding something as you walk carefully. This links to â€Å"with those same boats of lead, again†.Lead is a very heavy metal so the fact that the mourners are wearing boots of lead at her funeral and â€Å"creaking† across her soul suggest how un thoughtful they are and how much hate they have towards her as if you creak across someone soul with boots of lead you intend to crush them. The speaker implies that she has seen those boots of lead before â€Å"same† and â€Å"again† implies that the person who is wearing the boots was the one who caused her the pain and suffering that she experienced and has now come back at her â€Å"funeral† wearing the boots to remind her of every thing that happened; like a flashback.The fact that the person creaked across her soul in boots of lead is peculiar as when you creak you walk slowly, trying not to get caught. But if you creak while wearing boots of lead which is a heavy metal it’s like you know what you’re doing , the person may have wanted to slowly creak across her soul to remind of her of her past. The last line of the stanza â€Å"Then space-began to toll† implies that after they have walked across the speaker's soul, â€Å"Space† begins to â€Å"toll† like a bell. Church bells often toll at the end of a service, so we're in religious territory.She imagines that her mind or soul is like an entire universe containing a vast empty space. With their departure, the world around her rings out with sound, almost chaotically, with no sense or reason, as there is no longer a functioning mind to make sense of all the noise. The speaker begins to understand that this is really it for h er. The fourth stanza continues the ending of the third stanza. All existence has been transformed to an â€Å"ear,† The ringing bell of heaven both symbolizes church bells ringing for the death of her sanity and the random noises and sounds f the world around her. She can no longer make sense of reality; it exists completely in the forms of sensations, intense sounds, without a mind to bring order to it all. Although the poem is surreal throughout, it grows more and more surreal as it progresses echoing the loss of her sanity. While she is left alone with the silence inside her mind because at this point her mind is for the most part gone, with only a little bit left; she no longer has racing thoughts because her brain has separated from the world. The â€Å"Space† from line 12 turns into the â€Å"Heavens† that ring like a bell.Dickinson has zoomed out from the funeral scene. â€Å"Being† is a generic term for existence. We say â€Å"human beings,† for example, to refer to human existence. If being is an ear, that makes us into passive receivers of the noise of the universe. We can't control what we hear. The tolling of the bell is a repetitive sound that reminds us of the â€Å"treading–treading† of the first stanza or the â€Å"beating–beating† of the second. Dickinson refers to â€Å"if all the heavens were a bell† which suggests that the speaker thinks that heaven is calling out for her to come, ringing for her through the sound of a bell. And being but an ear† implies that she can only hear but cannot respond, so the heavens are ringing for her and she can hear them only. The speaker may feel as if the church bells are ringing inside her head. This creates religious imagery as â€Å"Heaven† relates to religion. â€Å"And I and silence, some strange race, wrecked solitary here† the speaker suggests that all she has is silence and herself which implies that she feels isolated. She feels as if â€Å"silence† is her only companion and she feels united with silence.The speaker emphasises her isolation by describing herself and the other race as â€Å"wrecked solitary, here† telling us that there is no hope for her or others like her, that are broken or alone. The â€Å"Silence† can also be another reference to her isolation with its implication of separation from the rest of the world. While they are described as an â€Å"ear† she is trapped alone in silence. This would make her (the silent one) useless to everyone else (the ear). Further, the implication is that she does not need communication with others; with the â€Å"ear† seem to rely on, it is something that they share from which she is excluded.The speaker thinks that she and Silence belong to the same â€Å"Race,† or type of individual. We don't know why Silence would be in a world filled with the sound of a bell, but Silence is the negative side o f sound. Both the speaker and Silence are passive and empty. In the last stanza it turns out she did have a little bit of reason left. The plank of reason breaks like rotting wood and she plunges deeper and deeper into insanity, allowing her to  view  the world multiple times through the eyes of madness her insanity allows her to see multiple worlds, not visible to the sane.Dickinson twists our notions about insanity with her last line. Only through madness can we truly know the world as it is. However, since you’re mad there is no way you can communicate this knowledge to others, hence the ambiguity of the last line; she knows all about the world, thanks to her madness she is able to see it from new perspectives, but since she is mad there is no way to communicate this information intelligibly to others who aren’t mad. â€Å"And then a plank in reason broke† this implies that she may have fallen through the cracks of religion, standing on a plank that is ro oting.This suggests the hypocracy behind religion as religion is seen as pure and the answer to everything especially during the sixteenth centaury. This can also be interpreted as her logic or common sense disintegrated; she lost touch with reality and her own sense of reason. Dickinson uses a metaphor to portray her loss with reality â€Å"and then a plank in reason broke†. â€Å"And I dropped down, and down, And hit a world at every plunge†   She falls past â€Å"worlds,† which may stand for her past; in any case, she is losing her connections to reality.Her descent is described as â€Å"plunges,† suggesting the speed and force of her fall into psychological chaos. She hit a â€Å"world† the speaker doesn’t specifically say what world she hit but it does suggest her psychological state deteriorating. The word â€Å"And† is used at the beginning of every line in this final stanza, giving further rhythm to the descent. The fact tha t she hit a world at every plunge also suggests the speed and force of her fall into psychological chaos and the fact that her life flashes before her life. At the end of her fall, or at least the end of the poem, she â€Å"Finished knowing. It makes sense for someone who has lost their power of reason or intelligence to not be able to know things anymore.The last word of the poem, â€Å"then–,† does not finish or end her experience but leaves open the door for the nightmare-horror of madness. The meter of the poem is in the classical ballad meter style of Dickinson, and gives the poem a sombre tone. The ABDB rhyme scheme carries us through the poem until the use of slant rhyme wakes us up in the last stanza. The poem is structured with 4 lines for every stanza. The themes of the poem are in capitals in every line of every stanza. I, Funeral, Brain, Mourners, Kept, Sense† etc. Dickinson uses many dashes and comas in this poem. In conclusion, Dickinson tries to d escribe a psychological state in her poem â€Å"I felt a funeral in my Brian â€Å"through the language she uses such as metaphors and the structure of her stanzas which include punctuation. The funeral in her brain symbolizes  the end of one state of conscious and way of thinking about the world to be replaced by a newer state of being which is impacted through the period of time and the way religion influenced her.

Chromatography Lab Repot

Design and carry out a scientific investigation on any one factor that affects retention on paper chromatography Design and carry out a scientific investigation on any one factor that affects retention on paper chromatography CHEMISTRY LAB REPORT CHEMISTRY LAB REPORT Name: Sri Danielle Class: 9A Teacher: Sir Ajay Name: Sri Danielle Class: 9A Teacher: Sir Ajay Aim My aim for this experiment is to find out how different types of solvent will affect the retention factor in paper chromatography. HypothesisI think that there will be a high RF value in paper chromatography, if we use water solvent because a solvent that has a strong interaction with a chemical will easily over come attraction from the chemical for the absorbent layer and move that chemical in a given period of time. Materials Food Coloring (solute) Ethanol, Acetone, Tap Water, Distilled Water(solvents) Pencil Ruler Scissors Filter Paper Petri Dish Variables Independent: Type of chromatography solvent Dependent: Retention i n paper chromatography Controlled: Type of Chromatography paperSize of spot Thickness of Chromatography Substance tested for paper chromatography Concentration of the solute Temperature Variables Manipulation Independent: Apply different solvents Dependent: The RF value of the given solvent Controlled: Keep the solute same. Keep the size of the solution the same (one drop) Keep the temperature of the room the same. Diagram Method Step 1 – Prepare Materials and pour solvents into the petri dish. Step 2- Fold the provided chromatography paper into half (make sure it can stand) Step 3- measure 1. cm from one end of the paper then draw a line across. This will be used as a starting point. Step 4- Repeat for 4 chromatography papers for each solvent. Step 5- Place a drop of the solution on the pencil line for all 4 chromatography papers Step 6- Mark the chromatography paper to identify it’s solvent Step 7- Fill the 4 different petri dishes with one of each of the solvents St ep 8- Make sure the solvents do not reach the pencil line Step 9- Observe as the chromatogram developsStep 10- Make sure before you take out the chromatography paper, it is entirely wet by the solvent Step 11- Draw a line along the line up to which the solvent has traveled on each chromatography Step 12- Measure the distance between the two pencil lines on the chromatography paper and record the measurement on the top of the paper. Do this for each paper. Step 13- Measure the RF value by dividing â€Å"distance travelled by component† with â€Å"distance travelled by solvent Step 14- Record the measurement then tabulate the data. Results Solvent| Distance travelled by component| Distance travelled by solvent| RF Value| Tap Water| 5. | 6. 4| 0. 90| Distilled water| 7. 0| 7. 2| 0. 97| Acetone| 4. 7| 5. 5| 0. 85| Ethanol| 3. 1| 6. 1| 0. 50| Graph Reflection In this experiment, I put two drops on each paper; I also used Tap water and Distilled water to get a more reliable result for the solvent. This helped me get me more accurate result. It was hard to get the RF value as I did not get he exact distances (distance travelled by component and solvent) as I got confused on how to take the reading properly. If I do this experiment again, I will surely ask a teacher on how to do so and to get a better and more accurate result.Conclusion According to the results of the experiment, my hypothesis was proved to be correct. The data shows that the water solvent results as the highest RF value among all the other solvents. It also shows that the solvent results in a great affect retention of chromatography paper. The different types of solvents affect the retention in paper chromatography. In all the solvents I used, water has the greatest effect in retention, as its RF value being the highest among all. Precaution 1. Careful when handling fragile materials 2. Don’t taste or smell solvents 3. Handle chemicals with care

A Dialogue with the Daughter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A Dialogue with the Daughter - Essay Example In his podgy, dirty hands, he held a small note that read: "Will stop by in the afternoon for visit. Sandy." SANDY. That name almost struck lightning in his chest. How long ago had he last called out that name How does she look like now In his mind ran thoughts about Sandy, his eldest daughter. How he missed her. He and his wife named her Sandy because of the color of her hair. She used to dance while he played "Old McDonald" in numerous versions for her. He remembered how Sandy cried when he left to try his luck in New York City. He never heard about Sandy or his family for a long time. They left the house and him for they did not understand that he left because of them --- because of his dreams for them.There was a soft knock on the door. The once immobile head jerked towards the sound. For the first time in many minutes, he showed obvious signs of nervousness and excitement. This was Sandy, for sure. Her soft knock did not change since she was young. When he was in his room, she u sed to knock softly at his door before entering to ask him to play music for her. He got up and moved quickly to the door to open it. "Dad," she says. "Come inside," he mutters, barely able to keep the excitement in his voice.There was a moment of silence. He could imagine Sandy taking in the view of their old home. Nothing has changed except for a couple of furniture that he supposed to have bought for them

ACTION LEARNING PROJECT REPORT - Motivation and Performance Research Paper

ACTION LEARNING PROJECT REPORT - Motivation and Performance - Research Paper Example he paper will have an introduction with a brief description of the topic, the research methods used, the outcome of the research, conclusions and the recommendations made. In particular, this paper explores how the understanding of theories on motivation can aid managers in increasing the employee performance if implemented doable and practical applications aiming at increasing employee motivation. The creation of a motivational workplace engaging in non-demotivating practices; the development of a managerial approach that is motivational in nature and promotes satisfaction and performance; and the institution of equitable reward policies providing real and attainable incentives to the employees based on a well understanding of the motivational theories will help in bringing the motivation theories into the realm of practicality. Motivation is a key component in the work behavior. It can be defined as the force driving the employees’ behavior at the work place. It is the reasons behind an employees’ stake of carrying out a certain task and involves both emotions (feelings) and cognition (thinking) aspects. Motivation is a key factor contributing to performance levels of the employees at the work place (Mwita, 10). There are three aspects of motivation namely; direction, what is the behavior and level of accomplishments of the employees; effort, what level of psychological or physical capacity is an employee devoting to the behavior; and persistence, for how long can an employee maintain the direction and efforts. However, it should be noted that the employee’s motivation does not dictate all the behavior. The ability of an employee and resources available to the person among other factors contribute to the person’s behavior. Successful work performance by employees results from different motivational factors. Performance and incentives management some work behaviors aspects more than others. In dealing with motivation and performance it is wise to

Strategic Management Analysis of Starbucks Essay

Strategic Management Analysis of Starbucks - Essay Example The scope of this report has been limited to the exploring the strategic fit of the Starbucks in the International segment and the market selected for the purpose is China. The reason for this is Starbucks being declared a success story in China in contrast to other entrants’ failure (Szabo, 2012). Starbucks’ world revolved around coffee, in fact premium coffee. Broadly, Starbucks’ operations can be categorized in three domains that are: United States (â€Å"US†), International, and Global Consumer Products Group (â€Å"CPG†) (Rein, 2012). Along with premium coffee servings, Starbucks offers tea beverages and fresh food with large variety in their store (Rein, 2012). Operations (under company owned or licensed store) are under their flagship brand of Starbucks with other portfolio components include: Tazo  Ã‚ ®Ã‚  Tea, Seattle’s Best Coffee  Ã‚ ®, and Starbucks VIA  Ã‚ ®Ã‚  Ready Brew (Rein, 2012). Starbucks entered in China in the year 1998 with its first store in Taipei, Taiwan (Starbucks Newsroom, 2012) and currently it holds more than 570 stores in 48 cities (Wang, 2012). Chinese market has been dominated by tea drinking habits and it was an exception considered that Chinese welcome bitter and expensive drink of Starbucks (Szabo, 2012). On contrary to this notion, China has become Starbucks biggest market after US (Szabo, 2012), hence, made scope of the study. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT ANALYSIS China has taken driving seat of the world’s economic van. Businesses to achieve the status of being global take China on the checklist of success foremost. Chinese external environment is discussed below: PESTEL ANALYSIS RANKING ( from 1to 5 with 1 rating least and 5 rating best) ENVIRONMENT RANK COMMENT POLITICAL China is politically driven by capital state model but the country has mixed in its recipe the success driving elements of capitalism as well as socialism (The Economists, 2012). The democratic system of Chi na is more flexible than US and has been providing leadership more adaptable to growing challenges of the world (Li, 2011). More importantly, US-China relations are constantly growing vertically as well as horizontally (U. S. Department of State, 2012). It has been rated 4 out of 5 for overall positive conditions China mainly to support the business environment. Moreover, since the country has managed to transform the power war with super power China chances of any further discrepancy in this environmental factor is least expected. ECONOMIC Economically it’s enough to state that China is everywhere in the air. Though growth momentum has declined and expected to further slowdown, still the prospects are most attractive to big giants like Wal-mart, Siemens, Air France KLM, and Daimler etc (China Daily, 2012). Highest GDP average growth rate among BRIC countries (Global Sherpa, n.d.). Controlled CPI to 2.8% after going high to 5.5% in year 2011 (OECD, 2012)

Marketing analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Marketing analysis - Essay Example Profitable businesses have to give equal strategic importance to all these four aspects of marketing if they want to compete for a greater share in increasingly tumultuous markets. In this age of increasing and accessible media technology, the customer has become even more demanding about what they will buy or not given. There is excess information readily available to compare and contrast various business offerings and any complaint or minor discrepancy about a certain brand can be communicated to the mass marketplace very easily. In such conditions, claiming to be the best business in any sector is no small feat but Vodafone, British’s top most mobile network service provider and the world’s second biggest brand by both revenue and subscribers (intangible business, 2008, pg 10) has managed to attain and maintain this position for quite some time. Launched in 1982 as a joint venture between Racal Electronics plc's subsidiary Racal Strategic Radio Ltd along with Millico m and the Hambros Technology Trust; Vodafone Group was born as a separate brand and business in 1991 with the divergence of Racal Telecom from Racal Electronics (cellnet, 2012). Over the past two decades, the telecommunications giant has pursued an aggressive expansion strategy combined with emotional and relatable marketing campaigns to cement their brand; â€Å"Its brand is the most geographically spread and is the second most valuable telecoms brand in the world, worth $22.1bn.† (intangible business, 2008, pg 10) Intagible business, 2008. The World’s Most Valuable Mobile Telecoms Brands 2008 [Online]. Pg 14 In this research done by intangible business, an analysis of the world’s largest telecom brands was done through publicly available information.500 operations were studies to provide the top 100 rankings based on brand value for share holders. In a heavily congested market with little to no differentiation between the product offerings, businesses have to rely on the strength of their brand to retain loyal customers, encourage trial by new customers and lead to steady revenue and profit growth. Vodafone brand value was determined as $22.1Bn in 2008. 2.0 Vodafone network The previous year was an extremely fruitful one for the mobile network â€Å"Vodafone  beat expectations to report a 4.1% rise in revenues to ?23.5bn, with 9.4 million new customers joining its network in the last six months.† (Garside, 2011). Analyzing the strategic and marketing policies followed by the company can help in identifying the reasons for their continued profitability 2.1 The British Market The business is headquartered in Newbury, Berkshire, England, though through expansion and acquisition they have managed to form strong markets in many different countries. Vodafone’s started aggressive brand growth in the 1990s, when the business began to consolidate itself on the British high-street. Starting from 1996, Vodafone acquired the two thir ds of Talkland it did not already own for ?30.6 million. Later the same year, Vodafone purchased Peoples Phone for ?77 million in a defensive move. The 181 store chain  provided Vodafone with the necessary physical assets to strengthen their presence and distribution channels for further growth. Soon it added Astec Communications, a service provider with 21 stores, in the acquisition portfolio by purchasing 80% of the company (cellnet, 2012). With its presence secured in the British market, Vodafone went on to concentrate on enhancing its brand

Costing a shoe selling business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Costing a shoe selling business - Case Study Example Profit 3,600 pounds Break Even Analysis: The break even analysis is performed on the basis of assessment of costs based upon the number of units that are expected to be sold.(www.connection.cwru.edu). Similarly, the total sales revenues are also computed on the basis of anticipated units that are expected to be sold each month. The variable costs per unit is 77.84 pounds and the number of units expected to be sold is roughly assessed as in the range of 50 to 70 pairs of shoes a month. The average unit sale price for each show is taken as $121.42. The Break even analysis table is shown below: BREAK EVEN ANALYSIS TIME PERIOD TOTAL FIXED COSTS TOTAL VARIABLE COSTS TOTAL SALES REVENUES 2 months $5,500 $8,096 $6,313.84 4 months $5,500 $6,227 $9,713.60 6 months $5,500 $6,616 $10,320.70 8 months $5,500 $9,341 $14,570.71 10 months $5,500 $8,562 $13,356.20 12 months $5,500 $10,586.24 $16,513.12 18 months $5,500 $9,496.48 $14,793.18 24 months $5,500 $10,117.90 $15,784.60 30 months $5,500 $10,584.88 $16,513.12 36 months $5,500 $11,052 $17,241.64 Hence, from the table, it may be noted that the break even point is reached after ten months from the time the business begins operating. This is the time when the profits in the amount of $13,356.20 exceed the sum of the fixed and variable costs ($5500 +$8562 = $14,062). Hence this is the point where the business has first begun to show profits in that the revenue from sales is greater than the total expenses on fixed and variable costs. At this point, 110 units of shoes have been sold in a two month period, which brings it to an average of 55 pairs of shoes sold per month. Margin of Safety: The margin of safety is used to calculate how much the level of sales can...Similarly, the total sales revenues are also computed on the basis of anticipated units that are expected to be sold each month. The variable costs per unit is 77.84 pounds and the number of units expected to be sold is roughly assessed as in the range of 50 to 70 pairs of shoes a month. The average unit sale price for each show is taken as $121.42. Hence, from the table, it may be noted that the break even point is reached after ten months from the time the business begins operating. This is the time when the profits in the amount of $13,356.20 exceed the sum of the fixed and variable costs ($5500 +$8562 = $14,062). Hence this is the point where the business has first begun to show profits in that the revenue from sales is greater than the total expenses on fixed and variable costs. At this point, 110 units of shoes have been sold in a two month period, which brings it to an average of 55 pairs of shoes sold per month. Margin of safety = Expected Sales level - Break even sales level. The break even sales level that has been established by the above table is 55 pairs of shoes per month. Therefore, if the expected sales per month is 70 pairs of shoes, the sales figures can fall even up to 55 pairs of shoes and the business will break even. However if the volume of shoes sold should fall below 55 pairs, then it is likely that the business will experience a loss. Since the s

Chase Management and Leadership Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Chase Management and Leadership - Term Paper Example me time, JPMorgan must determine the best method to satisfy foreign customers with vastly different needs and lifestyle values in an ever-changing and adaptable work environment. This requires dedication to setting up a healthier organizational culture built on teamwork and trust as primary principles for the business. This paper describes the role of manager versus leader at JPMorgan Chase, the process of maintaining a healthy organizational culture, and offers strategies on how to support a vigorous and dedicated team of professionals. The roles of traditional manager and that of an internal leader are significantly different in today’s fast-paced, international business environments. The role of manager is that of planning new operational activities and delegation of employee responsibilities, including assessment of financial data through management accounting. In the role of manager at JPMorgan Chase, this would include reviewing strategic plans, developing risk management policies, and considering the scope of major capital investments (Epstein & Roy, 2010). This role is primarily operational and strategic in nature, assessing long-term strategies and then aligning internal staff to meet these mandated goals. The role of manager in this financial institution is also setting a series of control practices, such as new employee policies, to ensure that all members of the organizational staff are performing their job roles effectively and considering proper allocation of organizational resources both budget ary and human resources-related. Management is a process-minded and procedural role with considerable employee oversight. In an organization like JPMorgan Chase, it involves a transactional focus, which is offering contingent reward to high performers based on their individual or group performance for meeting corporate goals (Judge & Piccolo, 2004). In this role, at a company like JPMorgan, these activities include monitoring changes in financial

Latinos in Television Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Latinos in Television - Essay Example Television has become one of the highest paying careers in the 21st century. As individuals become more engrossed in a demanding and intensive 21st Century lifestyle, entertainment is held in high regard. Technological advancements accord television a global audience that translates into considerable revenue annually. Sofia Vergara is currently the highest paid TV actor, earning $6 million in 2013. She earns $175,000 an episode. Cameron Diaz and Zoe Saldana are also two of the highest paid actors in Hollywood, having earned $34 million and $11 million respectively in 2013.Animated TV shows are a huge part of the film industry, especially in Hollywood. Such films have come to be loved and followed by many all over the world, creating a huge audience for the films and TV shows. In recent times, animated shows and films have had a positive portrayal of Latinos. Characters such as Disney hit Gabriella are an example of such portrayals of Latinos.The Spanish language is the symbol of Lati no heritage and culture. This language has reached a huge global audience through the emergence of numerous Spanish TV channels. Most of the global show in sports and entertainment are offered in numerous channels, Spanish and Portuguese are one of the main languages offered.In conclusion, Latinos have received a positive reception by global TV audience. This can be seen by the fact that the highest paid TV actor is of Latin origin, with numerous positive portrayals of Latinos in animated films and shows.

Nazi medicine Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Nazi medicine - Research Paper Example The resulting research that came about through the Nazi experiments was eyed with great suspicion and scientists even today are asked to justify their use of the Nazi methods when they employ them. It is viewed as something that is not socially responsible and is an abuse to the science community itself. So the question that arises is that is it alright to use the work of Nazis in the medical field or is it a moral degradation in itself? (Adshead, and Brown 109). The very fact that the ‘data’ that was obtained by the Nazis to conduct their research was nothing but torture and pain is a factor in itself to condemn the Nazi research and its subsequent scientific hypotheses. The dead bodies were frozen, sterilized and inseminated and hence the bodies were more of a subject to torture and humiliation. This situation can very well be put in to an example- it is just as a human consumes a piece of meat and gets rid of the remains in a shabby fashion; the medicines and other research depict the same- the bodies were used to the benefit of the Nazis and then the remains discarded as ‘unwanted’. The subjects were tortured in multiple manners: Firstly, they were made to be observed against their will and were dragged into dangerous experiments. Secondly, the experiments were designed in such a manner that the subjects would deliberately be put through a lot of suffering and fatal outcomes. Thirdly, all the subjects had to nec essarily undergo mutilation and tremendous pain. Amidst such situations, how can one justify the use of the results obtained by these Nazis? (Evans 357) The biggest controversy in using the research of the Nazis revolves around the passive external re warming and active external warming. The passive external re warming is when the research methods use the warmth of the patients’ bodies to complete the research whereas the active external re

Piaget Stages of Development Essay Example for Free

Piaget Stages of Development Essay Child development undergoes various stages from infancy to adulthood. This process of development is called by various psychologists as â€Å"progression through development† to which, age is often attached on each developmental stage. The first stage is called the infancy stage which is from birth to one year during which the physical and psychological occur most rapidly. In Piaget’s developmental theory, the child’s development during this stage is called â€Å"sensorimotor† because the child’s behavior at this stage is mostly simple motor responses to sensory stimuli† (Kalat 170). The stage of toddlerhood which is from one year to three years old is partly connected with infancy stage because as Olga Drebben asserts, â€Å"in these early childhood stages, the infants and toddler’s growth and development include very multifaceted processes of physical, cognitive, and psychosocial transformations. Drebben affirms that the primary modes of infant and toddler are sonsorimotor. The childhood stage or as Piaget calls it, the â€Å"preoperational stage of development† is the stage in which children are subject to externally imposed rules and adhere unquestioningly to rules and the directives of powerful adults. In this stage, peer relationship is an important factor towards constructing a self separate from others and towards developing the capacity to think in terms of other peoples’ attitude one self. Deutsch, Coleman and Marcus stated, â€Å"Equal peer relationships give children a chance to experience reciprocity which greatly assists them in perspective taking and problem solving† (Deutsch, Coleman, and Marcus 359). Adolescence stage on the one hand, is seen to takes place at the beginning of puberty or from 10 to 12 year for girls and 12 to 14 years for boys and end and at the age of 18 for girls and 21 for boys. While psychologist admits the lack of precision as to age limit, this stage â€Å"assume more responsibility for personal attainment and well being† (Arnett 168). It is also the stage to earn a living and a time when interest in fun increased. The stage of adulthood on the other hand are divided into three; early, middle and senior adults. The early adulthood which starts at age 21 up to 34 years, is concern on being able to engage in intimate relationships and in finding more satisfying work. This stage is also period of focusing on long term goals, nurturing other physically, finding a meaning in life, and developing a tolerance for delayed gratification to meet long-range goals (Corey and Corey 88). The middle adulthood ages 34 to 49 is regarded as the period of reassessment of one’s work satisfactions, of involvement in the community and of accepting choice made in life. According to Gerald and Marianne Corey, this period of life is a time for â€Å"solidifying one’s philosophy of life. The senior adults 50 to 64 are regarded as the beginning of the wisdom years. This period is characterized as the time for serving the community and planning for work transitions and retirement. Finally, the elderly, 65 years onward is the time â€Å"to find new levels of meaning in life and to appreciate what one has accomplished† (Corey and Corey, 89). This stage is a period of physical weakness because it is a time of diminished strength and increased dependence on others. Of all these stages, the development stage that is more susceptible to schizophrenia are the early adulthood ages 21 to 24 for men, while 40 and above for women. This is because the vast majority of the onset of this disease â€Å"falls within the interval of 15-54 years of age (Hirsch and Weinberger, 215). Steven Hirsch and Daniel Roy Weinberger noted that onsets of schizophrenia in men â€Å"peak steeply in the age group 20-24† (215), and it slowed down at lower level thereafter. This onset for men is the reverse for women above forties. The stages that are more prone to Alzheimer are definitely middle adults, senior adults and the elderly because this disease takes place during these stages of life. Question 2. Two of Piaget’s universal developments are the sensorimotor stage and the preoperational stage. The sensorimotor development stages starts from birth up to the end of the second year. Also called the neonatal stage, it is the period of development when the infant where simply a passive being that acts with out any systematic goal. Sensorimotor stage is the development of the child that includes intelligence based on perceptual experiences such as reflexes from 0-1month, primary circular reactions from 1to 4 months which is a repetition of certain pleasurable behaviors and formation of habits, secondary circular reactions 4 to 8 months, the coordination of secondary schemata and so forth. An example to this is the hand exercises. The child can follow simple instruction to close or open his or her hands as this is pleasurable exercise, during the infancy stage. But when the child is over one year old he can already follow basic instruction with basic understanding. Preoperational stage on the other hand begins at 2 up to 6 years of age. Salkind implies that Piaget’s preoperational stage of universal development is the progression of the infant from a reflexive organism to towards understanding of the symbolic world (248). Michie Swartwood and Kathy Trotter pointed out that in Piaget’s preoperational stage, the key feature of children’s thinking â€Å"is symbolic representation† (69). Swartwood and Trotter cited that during this stage, the child is able to use symbol, an object, or a word to stand for something else (69). Thus, though preoperational stage occurs right after the sensorimotor stage terminates, the child experiences tremendous progress during this stage. An example to this is the ability to follow simple instruction not to touch this or that, or that, on the ground that it will harm him or her, or that it will hurt him. In comparing both stages of development the child acquires certain degree of progression before each stage terminates. Both stages also display some degree of intelligence as the child now learns a lot of things through his or her experiences. But these stages also differ on some grounds. First, children in the sensorimotor stage do not think symbolically, while in preoperational stage they do think symbolically. Second, in the sensorimotor stage, the â€Å"child is limited to direct interaction with the environment, while in the second stage, the children learns to â€Å"manipulate symbols that represent the environment (Salkind, 248). In general however, both these stages show the child’s remarkable and development. Question 3. Some of the major stress that I am dealing with in my everyday life are first and foremost are the pressures from deadlines that must be met. This creates tension in me especially when I am running short of time. Biased treatment and sexism are also a great source of stress because it angers me. I really hate these things and I felt stress every time I encounter it. Some minor stressors however that I encounter everyday are the peer pressures. Peers insistences of something I do not like create pressures on me. Stern and unsmiling faces also s a source of stress especially those I meet daily. Some of the coping skills that I learned over time to keep the minor stressors from becoming major issues are; first, to ease my self of being too competitive. I learned this skill after I realized that I do not actually need to compete with my self. I simply need to make a list of priorities and take things at a time based on the priority list. Second, is to be friendly. I just realized that there is nothing wrong to great people with a smile regardless of how they would respond at me. I realized that by doing this, I could prevent the minor stress from becoming a major stress as I actually overcome it. Question 4. Schizophrenia is a disease. It is a chronic disease and severe mental disorder with a typical onset in adolescence and early adulthood and a lifetime prevalence of 1%. Dwight Evans cited that on average â€Å"male have their illness onset 3 to 4 years earlier than female† (78). Schizophrenia is not a developmental disorder but a chronic mental disease. The four type of schizophrenia are the following, paranoid, disorganized, catatonic, and undifferentiated. The characteristic and symptoms of paranoid are hallucinations and delusions. In the disorganized type, it symptoms and characteristic are reflected by disorganized speech, disorganized behavior, and inappropriate affect. The catatonic type manifest clinical syndrome such as excessive purposeless motor activity, extreme negativism, peculiar voluntary movements and so on. The undifferentiated sub type is diagnosed when the patient â€Å"does not meet criteria for the previous type yet does meet the criteria for schizophrenia† (Maddux Winstead, 182). It is more likely that schizophrenia has a genetic cause than environmental. It is quite common that when there is schizophrenia in the family, it is passed down to another member. Thus this disease is called â€Å"psychobiological† illness amenable to chemical intervention and modification of the environment. An example to this is when a person is exposed to violence and all other abuses since birth, he has the tendency to have psychological trauma which causes schizophrenia. Question 5. One incident that happened in my lifetime was when I read the story about a plane crash killing all the more than two hundred passengers. After I read the story, I was shocked and I developed psychological fear regarding boarding an aircraft. Psychology fit in this scenario because I knew pretty well that it was simply an accident. In this experience, I developed some fear as it would always come to my mind that this plane might crash too. But as I came to realize, accident happens anywhere to anybody, at any given time and cause. Since I cannot prevent it nor predict it, the best thing to do is to just be very careful and avoid those that I can, but those that I cannot; I just leave my fate in the hands of God. The connection here between psychology and life is that, life is real; we should rather be practical and realistic than be overcome by fear and anxiety about our bad experiences. Question 6. I have incorporated in my work of art elements of psychology through my use of colors and designs. In using bright colors, I usually expressed strong emotion such as anger, or fear, or other emotions. I also incorporated psychology in my designs such as shapes that expresses meanings like lovely ideas or joyful situations. I will incorporate them in the future in the same way I incorporated it the last time with perhaps some improvement or modification. I could connect the process that I go through as an artist with psychology through putting meaning on my experiences in the light of what I have learned about psychology. That is, I must seek the context of what I am trying to portray to which I labor so much. It means that my work of art should be reflective of what life is, of the emotions, such love, fear, and other strong feelings that we often encounter or should I say, that always experience on a daily basis. Finally, one influence that will mesh with my future work of art is those that wear green colors, or things that are green. I am fascinated by this color and this influence in me can help meshed up with my future work of art. Work Cited Arnett, Jeffrey Jensen. International Encyclopedia of Adolescence, Volume 1 USA: CRC Press, 2007. Corey, Gerald Corey Marianne Schneider. I Never Knew I Had a Choice: Explorations in Personal Growth USA: Cengage Learning, 2006 Deutsch, Morton; Coleman, Peter T. ; Marcus, Eric Colton. The Handbook of Conflict Resolution: Theory and Practice USA: John Wiley and Sons, 2006 Drebben, Olga. Patient Education in Rehabilitation USA: Jones and Bartlett, 2010 Evans, Dwight Treating and Preventing Adolescent Mental Health Disorders: What We Know and What We don’t Know New York: Oxford University Press Hirsch, Steven Weinberger Daniel Roy. Schizophrenia Great Britain: Wiley-Blackwell, 1995 Kalat, James W. Introduction to Psychology USA: Cengage Learning, 2008. Maddux, James Winstead, Barbara. Psychopathology: Foundations for a Contemporary Understanding USA: Routledge, 2005. Salkind, Neil J. An Introduction to Theories of Human Development USA: Sage Publications, 2004 Swartwood, Michie Trotter, Kathy. Observing Children and Adolescents: Student Workbook USA: Cengage Learning, 2004

Managing Financial Resources Decision Making Finance Essay

Managing Financial Resources Decision Making Finance Essay Preface I have written this assignment mainly to complete course requirement of HND 1st semester. My assignment is related to the subject named as Managing Financial Resources and Decision Making. I collected most information for this assignment from internet, my course book and mostly from the notes that I had collected from class lectures. Though I suffered bit difficulties in completing this assignment but it was pretty interesting and full of experience. I hope my work will be esteemed. Scenario: Mr. Javed wants to invest 5 million in a business project in Pakistan. Some of his friends are willing to invest their capital with Mr. Javed but Mr. Javed does not want to have partnership with someone. My advice: There are three types of businesses available for Mr. Javed which includes sole proprietorship, partnership and corporation. Sole proprietorship: (one owner) It is a form of business which is run and managed by single person. Explanation: It does not mean that sole proprietorship type of business will not have workers or assistants; it may have workers or assistants. In partnership profit or loss belongs to the owner. In such type of business the owner of the business is taxed not the business. Advantages: Such type of business is less expensive. Usually this type of business does not require a lot of legal formalities. Disadvantages: liabilities are unlimited that is personal assets can be claimed. Owner cannot leave business for long time that you cannot go for holidays etc because the business is totally dependent to the owner. Life of the business depends upon the life of the owner. Partnership: (two or more owners) As its name indicates it is such type of business in which two or more owners are involved. Explanation: partnership is basically an agreement, this can be written or verbal there is not rule from the government that agreement of partnership should be written but mostly owners prefer written agreement. In partnership business profit and loss and distributed among partners according to the agreement. In such type of business the owners of the business are taxed not the business. Advantages: It does not require a lot of legal formalities. Life of the business can be certain that it depends upon the agreement and partners. Less amount of capital is required to run such business. Disadvantage: Decision making is difficult in such type of business. Too many conflicts may rise in such type of business. Liabilities are unlimited which means that personal assets can be claimed. Corporation: (company) It is such type of business in two or more than two owners are involved, it is an artificial person, companys ownership is different from management. Explanation: In such type of business owner is called as shareholder and shareholder provide capital for running this business. The business is run by managers which are selected by Board of Directors and Managers. Profit and loss is distributed among shareholders, which is called as dividend. In corporation type of business, business is taxed not the owners. Advantages: Owner is can be easily transfer by selling shares. Life of the business does not depend upon the life of the owner. Liabilities are limited, personal assets cannot be claimed. Disadvantages: So many legal formalities are required to run this business. Formation of this business is very difficult. Large amount of capital is required to run this business. Due to retain earning shareholders confidence may loss because shareholders want more dividends. Business which I have selected for Mr. Javed: Keeping in mind that Mr. Javed does not want to have partnership business. So I prefer Mr. Javed to start a business of sole proprietor because as I mentioned above it is easy to start, no legal formalities are required and less amount of capital is required. So I have come up with an idea of opening an educational institute, which should provide HND (Business) and HND (Computing) in Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa Pakistan, because number competitors are less and demand is getting higher day by day. HNDs studying formation is different and interesting as compared to the education system of Khyber Pukhtoonkhwa. Mr. Javed will need more amount of 3 million for this project. There are some factors which will ensure success of this project which are discussed below. Factors which are important for the profitability: There are different factors which clearly show that this project is worth to start and is profitable. Some factors are given below. Advertisement: Advertisement plays great role in the success of any project before starting this projects people should be informed about this institute by advertising through T.V and billboards and through flyers etc. Special events of institute like parties and funfair etc should also be advertised by various methods. Choosing location: Choosing an appropriate location is the key to the success of this project. The building should be good. Location for this project should not be in such place where reaching for student is hard. Class rooms of institute: Classes should be well equipped with modern technologies that is should have good quality multi-media, well furniture for the students etc which will satisfy and increase interest of students. Staff: The main thing in this project is the selecting of the staff. Mr. Javed should hire well qualified teachers. Because it teacher who run an intuition. Staff on institute should visit each class regularly, because absentees will disappoint students. Reasonable fees: This institute should have reasonable fee. At the beginning institute must have as low fee as possible in order to compete competitors. Fee prices shouldnt be so high that people avoid this institute. Institute can increase fee with the passage of time. Scholarships: Institute should issue scholarship to the bright students this will attract more students toward institute and there should be extra curriculum activities in institute. Sports and Library: Institute should be limited to studies only there should be proper arrangement for the sports activities for the student so that they dont feel institute boring and there should well standard library in the institute which should have all the related course books and other books as well. Other facilities: Institute must have canteen in institute which should sell neat and clean foods and beverages, there should be internet facility in institute so that students face no problem in new researches. Different parties should be arranged by the institute because parties and different seminars attract students. Task for P1: Sources of finance defined: Basically there are two main sources of finance internal sources of finance and external sources of finance .Sources of finance means from where to make capital (money) in order to run business. There are different sources of finance which are explained below. Internal sources of finance: Definitely before starting business the owner will have some capital (money), it is not really mean cash but it also include building, machinery etc which is called as internal source. The more you have internal source less will be the burden of loan on the owner. (GCSE business studies Finance and Accounting) External sources of finance: It involves sources which are not owned by the owner like bank, government grant, and loan from friends, leasing, factoring etc. (GCSE business studies Finance and Accounting) Sources of finance available for Mr. Javed: There are different sources of finance available for Mr. Javed which is discussed below. Loan from Banks: Banks are external sources of finance. Banks in return takes interest on loan. Bank will provide you loan on the basis of four factors. Character: Bank will analyze your previous record like how have you been in returning loan of taken before. You character is checked. Collateral: Banks ask security for loan that is if tomorrow you are not capable of returning loan the will take that particular thing which you provided for loan security. Example bank will take legal document of land, building etc. Conditions: While taking loan from bank they might impost some legal condition of borrower like if you take loan from our bank you will not take loan from another bank till our loan is returned. Commitment: The bank checks the purpose of the loan. Banks will not give you loan for running illegal businesses. Banks overdraft: Short loan for a short period of time from loan is called as bank over drafting. The banks do charge you some interest on it and bank may impose some of their policies. Borrowing from individual: It involves taking loan from your colleagues, friends or relative which is called as borrowing from individuals. Individual in return takes interest. Individuals may provide you loan on below factors. Loan will returned within sound time. They charge interest. Franchising: When a successful business gives it patent and slogan to new business. This is called as franchising. There are two parties involved in franchising which is explained below. Franchisee: Franchisee is a party who uses patent and slogan. Franchiser: Franchiser is a party which provides patent and slogan. Leasing: Leasing is another source of finance. It is basically a contract between two persons, lessor and the lessee. Lessor: Lessor is the owner of the asset. Lessee: A person who uses asset is called as lessee. Explanation: It is used in such conditions when the person needs asset for some time and the agreement is established by lessor and lessee. There are two types of leasing. Operating lease: It is that type of lease which is for short period of time. Finance lease: Leasing for long period of time is called as finance leasing. Lessee is supposed to be the owner of the asset till the leasing agreement. Grants: When government provides asset, capital etc to our business this is called as grants. Government provides us grants when our business is helpful to society like providing employment for society etc. Factoring: It is that source of finance in which third is involved. This is called as factor organization. Basically it provides money against the security of invoices (client debtors). Factor organization provides you capital (money) up to 80% of the invoice value. Factor organization takes control of managing invoices. Example: A orders goods from B on credit. When B needs money, it will consult factor organization. So B will give its invoice to factor organization. After this B will be given 80% of the invoice then factor organization will take control of invoice. Invoice discounting: Concept of invoice discounting is as same as factoring but the only difference in factoring and invoice discounting is that in invoice discounting it does not have control of managing clients invoices. Hire purchase: (HP) It is also source of finance. When an individual or businesses buy goods on credit and pay money on installments is called as hire purchase. It is also consist of three parties which are. Finance manager Hire purchaser Supplier Hire purchase is similar to leasing, the only difference in leasing and hire purchase is that after completing installments of hire purchase you become owner of that good etc, while in leasing you do not become owner of that good etc after paying complete money. Debt securities: Securities are general term used for a promise to repay the debts. The company which provides security over debts is called as debentures. They are basically like a company takes loan from an individual. The company will repay the debt with interest in a certain time in the future. Both individuals and investors can use debt securities. Task for P2: Advantages and disadvantages of the sources of finance: There are different advantages and disadvantages of different sources of finance which are discussed below. Load from bank: Advantages: Banks may provide good amount of loan on the basis of your project. Banks also provide loans for long time. If borrower pays loaned amount before due date, banks may provide borrower with discount like decrease in interest rate etc. Disadvantages: Too much paper work is required to take loan from bank. Borrower must provide security for loan. Security provided for the loan can be taken as banks property if loaned amount is not paid. If loan borrower fails to payback loan on time interest rate may be increased by the bank. Loan from individuals: Advantages: It is simple and easily acquirable. Borrower does not need to provide security on taking loan. Lender may extend due date of paying back loan by negotiation of borrower. Personal assets can be claimed if loaned amount is not paid. Loan must be paid on time. Clashed may arise on late payment. Debt securities: Advantages: Company gains a lot of profit. Investors get profit by taking interests. In debt securities there a benefits of tax as well. Disadvantages: The investor will have to be given interest whether the company is in loss or in profit. Investor will be given their money on the time which is fixed in agreement. Banks overdrafts: Advantages: Too much paper work is not required by taking overdrafts from bank. Bank overdraft is good for short period of time. You dont need to give bank security while taking overdrafts from bank. Disadvantages: You can only take specific amount of overdraft which is provided by the bank. The bank may implement some of their policies like interest rate or specific time to give back over drafted amount. Bank might charge you on providing facility of overdraft. Hire Purchase: Advantages: Purchaser becomes owner of the asset after completing installments. After installments purchaser become owner of the asset. Disadvantages: Usually price of goods or assets are higher as compared to original price in hire purchase. Purchaser is not supposed to be the owner of the goods or assets till the completion of complete payment. If payment is not given lender can retake goods or assets back from hire purchaser. Leasing: Advantages: Lessee is supposed to be owner of the leased asset or good till the leasing agreement. Lessee gets the required asset or good without paying complete amount at a time. Inflation does not affect leasing because agreement once done cannot be changed until agreement date is finished. Disadvantages: Lessee does not become owner of the leased asset or good after paying complete amount as said in agreement. Leasing rates may vary after agreement is finished. Lessor does not have the right to change or to finish agreement before its finished date. Grants: Advantages: Grants are free. Grants do not require to be paid back. Disadvantages: Grants not given without proper rules and regulations. Difficult to achieve grants because they have tough competitors. Factoring: Advantages: Large amount of capital (money) is gained in short time. Factor organization takes control of clients invoices. This system helps in controlling cash flow problems and helps in maintaining good business Disadvantages: Clients usually do not like this source because factor organization will take payments from them. Factor organization charges interest and fees on providing services. Privacy becomes nil because clients invoices becomes invoices of factor organization. Franchising: Advantages: Franchisee does not need to spend money on advertisement and promotion. Franchisers cannot make another franchisee, where one franchisee is situated. Franchisee does not need to worry about customers because franchiser already has customers. Disadvantages: It is quite expensive. Franchisee will run business as guided by the franchisors. Franchisor might stop doing business in the future. Task for P3: Sources of finance which are viable for Mr. Javed: Mr. Javed will need finance of rupees 3 million more because in order to make this project successful Mr. Javed must have good amount of capital. .Plus Mr. Javed will need to take a building for institute will cost too much money. There are different sources of finance available for Mr. Javed, but most feasible sources for this project are Bank loan: Mr. Javed will need more amount of 3 million so the best source can be bank. Because banks offer loan for long time. Leasing: Leasing is important for Mr. Javed because for this project land (building) is important so buying building will cost Mr. Javed a lot so instead of buying building its better to lease building. Task for M1: Justifications and implications of advised sources: Bank Loan: Bank provides loan of large capital (Money). Loan can be taken from bank for long period of time. If the project earns profit by giving loan back to bank before due date Mr. Javed can get discount as well. Once you start relationship with bank, bank can further help you with more amount of money. Bank might offer Mr. Javed for partnership which will take place by will of Mr. Javed. Bank also provides discount in interest rate by paying loaned amount before due time. Leasing: It will be cheaper as compared to buy building for the project. Leasing is easily accessible. Building for leasing can be found everywhere Mr. Javed wants. If Mr. Javed earns profit if he wants to buy the leased building he can but this will take place after the will of lessor. Instead of buying building leasing is better because if Mr. Javed wants to shift his institute to somewhere else he would easily do that without having tension of selling bought building.

Nanomedicine The Field Of Nanotechnology Biology Essay

Nanomedicine The Field Of Nanotechnology Biology Essay Nanomedicine is a wide field of nanotechnology which involves almost all fields of science like nanoscience, nanoelectronics, nanophysics, nanoengineering and many more. Generally we can say that it is the practical application or the medical application of different materials at nanoscale to several nanoelectronic devices. These devices can be used in different applications of medical treatments. Current advancements shows that possibly these nano devices will bring revolutionary changes in the field of molecular nanotechnology. The current problem to the application of nanomedicine based devices is the toxicity and the impact of nano particles on both the living beings and environment. Nano particles have been designed for treatment of different diseases like cancer, angiogenesis etc. But the problem is the way of delivery of these particles to the body of patient as its difficult to handle these particles due to extremely small size. Nanotechnology is showing such a rapid advancem ents that allows the amalgamation of multiple therapeutic, sensing and targeting agents with a range of 1-1000 nm. By the oncologic point these agents give new hope for the all: The applications of nanomedicine methodologies and particles for the treatment for diseases like cancer are more advantageous than the typical medicines and conventional medical treatments. Till time more than 20 nanomedical therapeutic methods have been approved by FDA. These new methods for nanoengineered materials are supposed to give the maximum expected results. In this context the main issue is the delivery of particle to the specified area. For this purpose different methods are adopted in the lab and are found to be quite reliable. To deliver these particles inside the human body seems to be easy but its not as easy as considered. Being active, if these particles can damage affected cells then, these can damage the healthy cells as well. Secondly the size of these particles also matter. More over the issues regarding the shape and response of particles toward different cells cannot be neglected. Al these factors, somehow, affect the efficiency of the nano particles. So, if these issues are controlled, one can easily make nanomedicine more useful than any ordinary technique. Delivery of nanomedicine into the body: Nanotechnology is bringing the revolutions in almost all areas or the medical science. All the researches in the field of nano medicine are showing in full details that how the diseases are being produced in the human body and what could be the best way of treatment. It also explores the in-depth working of body as well as the development of disease. To make it useful in the field of medicine, it also requires to the development of new materials and new generations of medical nanomaterials. It is a fact that nanotechnology can be applied to almost all types of materials and surfaces that show new properties of nanoscale. According to the all medical requirements drugs are being designed and delivered to the body by controlled and specified ways. Two things are very important in the field of nanomedicine: Drug design Drug delivery 1: Drug design: Designing the drug is undergoing the revolutionary changes by increased knowledge. The study of biological interact of drugs with the body is vastly increased. Many new generations of drugs are being designed and tested every day. The generation of new drugs gain much importance and specificity due to their complex structures. The complexity of their structures forces the researchers to work more and investigate as many possible applications of drug by making it bioactive molecule. They also modify the structure and process of manufacturing so that its more useful and produce least by-products. This is mostly done by manipulation and engineering of enzymes inside the body that promote natural production of these molecules. Nano technology and more specifically nanomedicine are helping a lot in understanding the mechanism of drug development and its mode of action. [12], [16]drugdeliverytwo.jpg 2: Drug delivery: Along with the development of active bio molecules a lot of research is done on the ways and means of drug delivery. It includes the methods for exact location of the drug where it is needed and the accurate amount of dose. Nanoscience and nanotechnology helps in understanding both the method of working and the location of intended drug delivery site. There are different vectors which can target a specific site like viruses that target a drug or gene to a particular type of cell or tissue. It can also define the ways of drug activation when it reaches the required site by the help of ultrasounds, light or magnetic fields. Many current drug delivery systems are remnants of old drug delivery systems that were in nanometer range. Examples for these are liposomes, polymeric micelles, dendrimers and nano crystals. Different old methods applied for drug delivery are still applicable to some extent. These methods are useful in some cases. Some of these methods are: Oral Delivery Inhalation Transdermal Implantation Injection These all methods are traditional methods in which drugs are supplied in bulk quantity but after they enter blood stream they are delivered to the site of infection where they show their response. In these methods drug is also delivered to the healthy cells where it causes damage. Among these techniques implantation is somewhat better in this regard. Implantation is related to the allocation of drug to the disease part. Chances of healthy cell damage are less than other techniques. Nanomedicine techniques are more advanced than these.[1], [2], [3], [4], [7],[8], [13] Nanoparticles used for drug delivery: Liposomal amphoterins are used for the drug delivery. These are used for fungal and particle infections. These are most commonly used in patients with depressed white blood cell count (cancer and chemotherapy patients, HIV-infected patients, elderly patients). Liposomal formulation is preferred due to decreased side effects and prolonged drug exposure. The release of liposomes is slow which increases its efficacy. Antibiotic loaded nano spheres are used for intercellular infections. Ampicillin is an example of nano spheres which is used for listeria treatment. It shows dramatic improvement over free drug deliveries and these also reduce bacterial counts in liver at least 20 folds. These spheres used for salmonella treatment alone required 32 mg per mouse but with nano particles require only 0.8 mg. There are different types of nano particles that are used for drug delivery. Some are as follows: Metal based nanoparticles Lipid based nanoparticles Polymer based nanoparticles Biological nanoparticles All these have their own features and efficacy regarding their shape, type and way of application. Metal based nanoparticles are introduced inside the body after capping with some inert material and then these particles are activated by energising them with the help of rays either light rays or the ultrasonic rays. Lipid based nanoparticles are small molecules like amphotericin B, doxorubicin, viruses and bacteria as vaccines and nucleic acid. These are made by mixing lipids together in organic solution and solution is evaporated later. Then hydration is done and liposomes are divided to small parts by sonication. Polymer based nanoparticles are alkylcyanoacrylates which are extensively used as tissue adhesive for skin wounds and surgical glues. Polymer based nanoparticles are less toxic as they degrade by the hydrolysis of ester bond. This hydrolysis or degradation produces alkyl alcohol and cyanoacrylic acid which are eliminated during kidney filtration. Biological nanoparticles are most reliable than any other as they are biodegradable and cause less toxicity and environmental effects. (Virus a biological Nano particle) [5], [6], [7], [18] Use of carbon nanotubes in drug delivery: Drug delivery system of nanoparticles ranging from 5 to 250nm has ability to improve current traditional therapies as it can overcome the biological barriers. Nano particles have achieved a great importance in targeted drug delivery especially in the case of cancer. Targeted drug delivery is being facilitated by carbon nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes look promising in drug delivery to the specified areas. This has been approved by research and in the near future CNT are going to overcome the problems of delivery, gene therapies and vaccines. Our research is still in its earliest stages, but it shows great promise, says Alberto Bianco, at the CNRS Institute in Strasbourg, France. The nanotubes seem to migrate mainly to the nucleus, so we can imagine them being used to deliver gene constructs. Carbon nanotubes are also helpful in custom delivery. Its providing advancements to the injection of particles to the cells. These also help in killing cancer cells when excited. These emit IR radiations which kill cancer cell. Image of rolled sheets of hexagons[12], [16], [17] Use of nanorobotics in nanotechnology: Nanorobots are the devices which are designed to protect and maintain body. For the time being these are more hypothetical instruments than actual practically implemented instruments. These are supposed to help in a lot of ways like: Target delivery Surgery at nanoscale Brain surgery Eye surgery Cancer treatment Carriers of drugs Curing skin diseases Mouthwash full of nanorobots which will be capable of killing pathogens Improvement in immune system by killing unwanted bacteria Cleaning of blood vessels and lymph nodes These can be defined as hypothetical machines but as the research indicates these are going to help mankind very soon in all these aspects of medical science. These are supposed to be constructed with the part having dimensions of about 1-100nm. The main point of concern is the supply of energy to these machines and work is being done on it. Most of research is convincing on the fact that energy can be supplied by the cellular digestion of glucose. http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/nanorobot-1.gif [12],[13] Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamicsand nanoparticles: Process of absorption, distribution, metabolization and excretion of medicine from the body is called pharmacokinetic. One can say that the study of what happens with the drug inside body is pharmacokinetics. On the contrast the study of what drug does with body is pharmacodynamics. Traditionally drug is designed by exploring small molecules which have both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties helping the drug to enter the blood stream quiet easily and then diffusing the cells. But this approach is limitized due many pharmacodynamics effects like slow release, less efficacy, less selectivity and high immunogenicity. Use of nanotechnology can reduce the risks of both as well as increase the efficacy. Use of nano medicine can prevent the degeneration or the side effect on active compounds or healthy cites.[5],[6],[7],[8] Barriers to the nanoparticle distribution: Different compartments of bodyact as barriers to the nanoparticles. These barriers are: Epithelium Blood Immune system Lymph nodes lymph vessels RES Extravasation The basic reason of the barrier is the size of nanoparticles and secondly the shape of particles. These two factors are needed to be considered carefully before introducing the nanoparticle based medicines.[9], [10] Factors affecting the efficacy of nanomedicine: Different factors affect the efficiency of nanoparticles. These include the size, shape, chemical nature and many other factors. But as we are dealing at nano scale so the size and shape of the particles have a great effect on the efficiency of the drug. Effect of size on the efficiency of nanomedicine: Body immune system has different barriers for the invaded particles and this is the most challenging area for the drug delivery. Clearance of the polymeric nanoparticles and bio-distribution are remarkably affected by the size of nanoparticles. For example if the diseased organ has to be medicated by nanoparticle based medicine then the bio-distribution is improved in the tissue by controlling he size and passive EPR and ligand functionalization. If the particle size is small the accumulation of particle inside the tissue is increased as well as the diffusion of medicine. If we take the example of liver and spleen, these parts can be cleared by different processes like hepatic filtration and phagocytic uptake. The circulation is improved by keeping the particle size à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤100nm. In kidneys the particles need to be cleared by excretion and the circulation is improved by more than half if the is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥10 nm. Other barriers like hormonal arm and mucosal barriers are also controlled by controlling the movement of particles. These barriers are overcome by the nanoparticles due to their unique characters and size. This is found to be true especially in the case of abnormal neovascularization. Blood vessels are composed by endothelium which is of three types: Continuous endothelial morphology in arteries and vessels Contrast fenestrated endothelium in glands and kidneys(pores of about 60nm) Discontinuous endothelium in liver(fenestrae of 50-100nm) For the treatment of angiogenesis enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) allows diffusion and accumulation of nano particles inside the tissue. The size limit of particle is 400nm. If we discuss the physiological parameters like kidney extraction, surface composition, hepatic filtration and others the particle size is a key factor responsible for the bio-distribution or medicine and medication efficiency.[3],[8] Intake of polystyrene nanoparticles is favoured at a temperature of 37à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢ to 4à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C if the size is between 50nmand 500nm. Similarly the protein absorption shows a remarkable change with the change in size. Its variation is as follows: SIZE ABSORPTION OF PROTEIN à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤100nm Less 100_200nm Moderate More than 200nm More I In short it is observed that the particles with size smaller than 100nm show less absorption of proteins thats why they are less resistant to the blood flow and stay in the blood for a long time. Effect of the shape and core of nanoparticle: Along with size the shape of particle is also an important factor of drug delivery and efficiency. Spherical shaped particles show minimum resistance and can diffuse easier than any other shape.Shape is conditional to the type of material used for medication as well as type of nanoparticle being applied. In case of polymer based nanoparticles shapes are different and their efficacy is defined according to the interaction of accumulation and diffusion site and the material used. In this regard bio-distribution of stealth poly beta-amino ester nanoparticle and poly caprolactone particles with the same size gives a good idea of shape and core effect. Size of both ranges from 100-200nm but the accumulation of both is different.Shape of therapeutic nanoparticles plays a crucial role in extravasation and interstitial transport. On the one hand, it has been shown that cationic nanoparticles preferentially target tumour endothelial cells and exhibit a higher vascular permeability compared wi th their neutral or anionic counterparts. On the other hand, neutral nanoparticles diffuse faster and distribute more homogeneously inside the tumour interstitial space than cationic and anionic particles, because the latter form aggregates with negatively charged (for example, hyaluronan) or positively charged (for example, collagen) matrix molecules.  As far as the particle shape is concerned, studies have shown that macromolecules with linear, semi-flexible configurations diffuse more efficiently in the interstitial matrix than do comparable sized, rigid spherical particles.[10], [11],[12],[14],[18] Strategies to improve delivery: From the discussion above it could be concluded that the drug delivery could be more targeted, specified, less toxic, more biocompatible and safe, fast development of medicine by the use of nanotechnological especially nanomedicine methodologies. The strategies of drug delivery are focusing on the enhance drug delivery particularly action on tumour by increasing the efficiency of vascular network. Strategies are to make nanoparticles penetrate faster and more easily. [2], [3], [1], [17] Conclusions: The innovation of nanotechnology is one of the greatest achievements of this century and use of this technology in medicine has revolutionized the entire biomedicine industry. As a field of rapidly developing there are a lot of business interests as well.Apart from this, we are still fighting against some diseases like AIDS, Cancer etc. and every year they cost a lot of lives around the world. Again treatment of these diseases are really expensiveand people especially form third world countries are not able to afford the cost of treatments. Here, nanomedicine can play a very important role by providing cost effective methods of treatment. But we should also consider some other issues including impact of nanomaterials on our environment. We have plenty of things to do on those issues before making nano-drug widely available to the mass people.[1],[13],[11]

Things Fall Apart Essay example -- essays research papers

Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart shows an odd similarity between the cultures of Ancient Greece and the Lower Niger. Despite the fact that two societies can exist during different periods of time and have conflicting cultural values, their stories and behavior can have surprising overlaps. Things Fall Apart is structured like a Greek Tragedy in its use of a chorus and in the presence of a tragic hero whose actions ultimately lead to his downfall. The Egwugwu from Things Fall Apart act like the chorus in a Greek Tragedy, such as Antigone. These figures, the elders of society who speak in behalf of the spirits, are present to provide background information and extra news It is imperative for the audience to know of this information for them to follow plot development. In both situations, these groups are the elders of the culture. A member of the Egwugwu tells Okonkwo to not take part in the killing of Ikemefuna, but Okonkwo disobeys the order and slays Ikemefuna himself. Just as the chorus of a Greek Tragedy relays the messages of the gods to the citizens of the town, during certain rituals, the Egwugwu convey the teachings of important spirits. Their influence is displayed when they hear the case of Uzowulu, who is soon forced to beg his wife to return to him. This shows that the orders of the Egwugwu are always followed, weather the citizens want to or not. These teachings and directions are not alterable, and must always be obeyed. Like the heroes of Greek Tragedy, Okonk...

American Poet: Phillis Wheatley Essay -- African American Poet Poetry

American Poet: Phillis Wheatley Phillis Wheatley was an African-born slave in the last quarter of the eighteenth-century in New England. She was born in West Africa and brought to America on the slave ship Phillis. She was, however, much more than chattel-she was a poet. Phillis was the first African American to have a book published. In a time when women were not expected to be able to read or write, and when teaching an African American to be literate was frowned upon, Phillis Wheatley became educated in Latin and English literature. The education of Phillis Wheatley was, for the most part, for the intent of training "a servant and would-be companion for domestic utility," in which they undoubtedly succeeded. However, they "got an intellectual adornment" who, with her knowledge of the poems of Alexander Pope, the "Puritanical whiteness of her thoughts," and ability to write poems, soon became a celebrity among Boston?s social elite (Richmond 18,19). Phillis's published her first poem in 1767, only a few short years after her initial introduction to the English language. Between the time of the publication of her first poem and her first book, Poems on Various Subjects, in 1773, Phillis gained notoriety by publishing elegies in New England newspapers; her most famous elegy being that for a popular Methodist minister, Reverend George Whitefield in 1770. Although Phillis?s poetry was well received throughout New England, there were people who did not believe all of the poetry was actually written by Phillis. Her expertise with the heroic couplet form perfected by her literary hero Alexander Pope and the allusions to classic Greek and English poetry caused the speculation. In order to prove the validity of her poetry, Joh... ...iterature. New York: Norton, 1997. 165-167. O?Neale, Sondra A. "Phillis Wheatley." Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 31: American Colonial Writers, 1735-1781. Ed. Emory Elliot. Princeton: Gale, 1984. 260-267. Richmond, Merle A. Bit the Vassal Soar: Interpretive Essays on the Life and Poetry of Phillis Wheatley and George Moses Horton. Washington, D.C.: Howard UP, 1974. Walker, Alice. "In Search of Our Mothers? Gardens." The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. Ed. Henry Louis Gates Jr. New York: Norton, 1997. 2383. Wheatley, Phillis. Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. New York: AMS Press, 1976. Rpt. of Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral. Philadelphia, 1786. ---. "To His Excellency General Washington." The Norton Anthology of African American Literature. Ed. Henry Louis Gates, Jr. New York: Norton, 1997. 177.