Video Games and Violence Essay examples -- classical conditioning, pav

One of the main concerns with respect to violence in video games compared to other media is the fact that games are immersive, and interactive. They are repetitive, and based on a reward system which is a proven psychological component of classical conditioning discovered by Ivan Pavlov. This argument however has been going on since the days of the comic book in the 50's, and because of the graphic violence portrayed in them, parents blamed them for their children's bad behavior. It seems that blaming games, and other media in this way is quite a lazy view to take. Subsequently, it is really using game manufacturers as a scapegoat, while ignoring the bigger issue, the person who has committed this act of aggression or violence, and other issues that have brought them to this point. Apparently, according to a 2001 U.S. Surgeon General's report, the panic over video game violence is twice as harmful as it misdirects energy that could be used in helping kids with problems, and allows them to fester to the point where they break down, and act out in aggression. A more appropriate question would be "Do violent games inspire the gamer to cause violence"? If the game does make a person commit violence, then are they mature enough to be playing it in the first place? Does this mean though one learns to be violent from playing a violent game, any more than watching a violent film, or listening to an aggressive Hip-Hop or Rap song, and have a long term effect to make the player violent and aggressive in real life, where they may otherwise have been non-violent. A prison in Missouri seem to think that they do affect the player, as since 2004 they have been the first to remove them from prison privileges. Whether or not this has r... ...ey, n.p.: New York ; Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2007., University of Cumbria Library Catalogue, EBSCOhost, viewed 23 December 2013. Death Race. (2013) DEATH RACE (Video Game). [Online]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_Race_%281976_game%29. [Accessed 21/12/2013]. Egenfeldt-Nielsen, S. S., Smith, J. and Tosca, S. (2013) 'Video Games and Risks', Understanding Video Games, Second Edition. New York: Routledge, pp 255-277. Springer. (2013) Video games do not make vulnerable teens more violent. Available at: http://www.springer.com/about+springer/media/springer+select?SGWID=0-11001-6-1433942-0 (Accessed: 29/12/2013). Wendy Stogner. (2007) Do Video Games Cause Violence in Children?. Yahoo Voices. Weblog [Online] 23rd May. Available from: http://voices.yahoo.com/do-video-games-cause-violence-children-359143.html?cat=25. [Accessed 29/12/2013].

Effectively teaching ethics in schools for later life

Ethical motives are an of import portion of decision-making but pupils arent taught to believe ethically. They do non understand what ethics is. They do non understand the difference between moralss and ethical motives and yet are n't two of the SLO ‘s in the computing machine scientific discipline model related to Ethical Behaviour? So how do we travel about making this? Certain we could merely prophesy to them about what they should and should non make and the alleged grounds for this. This method would be fast and so we can travel on to more interesting things, but learning in this manner we will lose a great chance to learn pupils ethical thought. Plus if we were merely to prophesy to the pupils it would travel in one ear and out the other. So in order to understand if it would be a good thought to learn moralss decently to pupils we need to see where the pupils are at. We need to make this to see if learning moralss is a right for them. We besides need to see what computin g machine moralss is and what it entails and in conclusion we need to look at the benefits of learning moralss in a computing machine class. Students In order to see it is a good thought to learn moralss to pupils we need to look at the pupils. Possibly the moragity of pupils understand moralss and therefore do n't necessitate to be taught. Maybe it is better to state them what to make and non acquire them to believe about the grounds why. If we were to learn pupils moralss would they happen them utile. These all the things we need to cognize before we decide whether it is or is non a good thought to learn moralss to pupils. Let ‘s get down off by looking at the accomplishments the pupils already have. The article Computer Literacy: Deductions for Teaching a College-Level Course by Nitham M. Hindi is an older article that talked about what computing machine skills pupils have. It noted that computing machine accomplishments are really indispensable to concern and it recognizes pupils do non hold the appropriate accomplishments. Students today will alter occupations at least 10 times and alteration callings at least three tim es. The importance of computing machine accomplishments is non lost. In the module of instruction we need to take a computing machine use category even though they wo n't name it that. Besides many other modules including concern demand to take a computing machine use category. This article besides noted that many pupils who took a computing machine class in high school had a huge cognition of pressmans, the Internet and difficult thrusts. Some of the pupils besides had cognition of virus protection runing systems and expose units. Although pupils had a batch of cognition about the how tos, they do non hold cognition about the â€Å" softer † issues. This cognition includes societal issues, ethical issues, planetary issues, and legal issues. It seems like non much has changed. In computing machine scientific discipline, movie and picture taking, or graphics the focal point is on the how to. The sociological side is n't shown. In a artworks category where the pupils are workin g on Photoshop why non speak about the societal issues of retouching exposures. One side to this issue is Photoshoping images to make an unreal sense of beauty. This article goes on to state that work forces were two times more likely than females to hold discussed ethical issues in a computing machine class. This points out another interesting fact. That is that females are more likely non to hold looked at any societal branchings of computing machines. During my research I noticed an interesting subject that emerged. This subject suggested that discoursing societal branchings of computing machines may do computing machine classs more interesting to females. In fact this was a common yarn. I even found an article called Gender and computing machine moralss By Alison Adam which disputed this. Either manner thought in the societal side might hook different people with different positions. I besides found another article that mentioned that adult females ‘s assurance is frequent ly undermined in computing machine classs. This quotation mark is from a adult female who had a batch of programming experience that took a computing machine scientific discipline class she said that Then I got here and merely felt so improbably overwhelmed by the other people in the plan ( largely guys, yes ) that I began to lose involvement in coding because truly, whenever I sat down to plan there would be dozenss of people around traveling, â€Å" My God, this is so easy. Why have you been working on it for two yearss, when I finished in five hours? I remember how computing machine scientific discipline was. I went through the whole plan and got my grade. So I know this is how we treat everybody. We procrastinate and leave everything to the last-minute. We gloat when we complete assignments fast. We brag and show off. Possibly analyzing moralss or other do-gooders may do the ambiance more unfastened and friendly. This article besides points out that adult females may hold the same accomplishments as work forces but are given lesser functions and because of this it has become a male dominate industry. The article goes farther and suggests that because it is male dominated that everything computing machine from the interface to the bit layout is work forces oriented. This could go forth adult females confined to systems which work forces have created and these systems may non be ideally suited to them. I think this is a absurd thought. I do n't see how something can be oriented towards one gender or another. If I said I do n't see guys kicking about the interface of their ironing boards. I would be called out as a biget and a male chauvinist, but is n't it the same statement. There are a batch of things that have been designed by females and I do n't hear cats kicking. It ‘s impossible to penetrate how something designed by one gender will hold negative effects on the other. I do hold a job with the fact that adult females, with the same accomplishment set as work forces, do non acquire the same occupations. This points out a turning demand for the instruction of moralss and if computing machines do hold a gender prejudice, hopefully equal chances will make a balance and this prejudice will henceforth be eliminated. The article entitled Teaching Information Ethics to High School Students by Kathy Lehman looks at a batch of plagiarism pupils do. It looks at the job from a librarian point of position and what a library should make to rectify the job of plagiarism. The bibliothec said that non really many of the 11th class pupils felt guilty downloading music without paying for it. They merely do non believe about the support of the persons. They do non believe about what it takes to contrive or make music or the sum of attempt involved. Those pupils that are 17 old ages or older do non experience really guilty about downloading music illicitly even though they do understand the branchings. The pupils do hold a sense of morality. They recognize the deductions of unethical behavior when it comes to misapply of a friend ‘s electronic mail or images and they understand the dangers of marauders and therefore maintain private information off the Internet. Basically the writer states that they teach the class 11 pupils the branchings of illicitly copying music but when the pupils reach the 12th class they could care less. If we use the same attack learning the moralss model in computing machine scientific discipline we do better to merely trash that constituent. Possibly we should non prophesy to the pupils or to concentrate on a specific aspect of the moralss argument but to hold the pupils create their ain moralss. If they are traveling to copy music they should hold to support their act ethically. I think our ends should be for pupils to utilize moralss to make ground. The focal point should non be on whether they do or make non copy music. As instructors we should focused on the bigger image. We need to concentrate on larning aims and non commercial aims. The article entitled Teaching Ethical motives to High School Students by SUSAN PASS and WENDY WILLINGHAM agrees with my point. The article says that the pupil should non be sidetracked by subjects of moral tyranny and relativism. Moral tyranny means that merely one morality is right. Relativism is the false belief that if certain moralss are right for one group or individual they are right morally. Basically these prejudices boil down to the fact that there are no different point of views when it comes to moral logical thinking. With moral concluding there is merely one right reply. Basically we need to allow the pupils know there are many ways of logical thinking and if you bump into these prejudices you should inquire the category if there are any extra suggestions or options. The article goes on and says â€Å" there is a existent danger of learning striplings in a mode that ignores personal or moral development, but focuses wholly on academic accomplishment. Adolescence is a cli p of turbulence when immature people need counsel † ( 21 ) . Galbraith ( 1979 ) warns us about utilizing indoctrination, dictatorship, and relativism. Indoctrination and dictatorship do non let the pupil to research their sense of moralss, we alternatively coerce them to accept or reject what the teacher tells them is true. Relativism besides creates a barrier to acquisition as it destroys systematic ethical doctrines. It assumes that because it is right for you it is right for everybody else. Thus it destroys the arguments before they begin. What we need to make is to make moral development through treatment. The article written by that bibliothec besides notes that pupils are really good at happening illegal signifiers of electronic media and importing them straight into their PowerPoint or multimedia undertakings. It besides points out that because these undertakings are normally done at place, there is no inadvertence from bibliothecs who can assist learn the pupils about right of first publication and plagiarism. Merely late there has been a province authorization, where this librarian works, that states that every school territory will implement the course of study of Internet safety. There libraries must be I safe certified. Their County has a really rigorous acceptable usage policy which all staff must subscribe. Classroom instructors need to implement the 10 % or 30 2nd regulation for utilizing proprietary digital media. In short, they talk about their carnival usage understandings and copyright Torahs and the importance of spying beginnings. In fact at Thomas Dale no pupil can co py a paper, either their ain or a siblings paper that took the class in the past, or from on-line beginnings, because the school has a database with all old documents of all time submitted to that school and of class they have a plan that will seek this database and the Internet for similar documents. The article said it was a powerful inducement for pupils non to plagiarise. This is of class because the pupils do non desire to acquire caught, non because they feel guilty or possess any ethical duty non to plagiarise. When I read this I thought this would be something cool to prove so I found a similar plan called Viper and I have had a batch of merriment look intoing to see if the writer themselves have plagiarized. At this school they besides teach pupils about how to make up one's mind what information you should portion and about the importance of being true and honest. This manner the pupils know how to utilize societal networking sites suitably and non distribute false rumor. In short it seems they have become really hawkish to support right of first publication in all its signifiers. Alternatively of learning moralss to protect right of first publication they have used a run of menaces and coercion to support it. We have seen the shout approachs of these tactics. What they are rely learning the pupils is how non to acquire caught. So far it seems that pupils ca n't believe ethically. We have seen that merely stating the pupils what to and what non to make does n't work. Even if you merely show one side of an ethical issue and utilize ethical logical thinking to support it that would be a bad thought. You need to show the whole issue and your pupils need to develop their ain positions. They need to do judgements and to be able to support their ain point of views. We can besides see this information will profit the pupils as it will let them to make a fairer and more welcoming environment no affair where they may travel. What is computing machine moralss? We have seen that learning moralss to pupils is a good thought but what is computing machine moralss? The word â€Å" moralss † is a derivative of the Greek word ethos, which means â€Å" imposts † . This is because these are the steering beliefs on the ideals that defined a community. This is why I think we use the word moralss to speak about professional moralss and non the word ethical motives which relate to oneself. It is of class perchance that person ‘s moralss may conflict with their ethical motives. Ethical motives consists of statements that tell us how the universe should be. Everything we do and make non make can be a possible topic for ethical rating. When reading about computing machine moralss, most people view it as separate from regular moralss. Kallman and Grillo province that there is no existent particular class for computing machine moralss but the ethical state of affairss in which computing machines are involved have drastically changed the state of affairs. Computers have addressed the concerns related to free address, legal power, namelessness, and trust. There are besides some concerns about the features of personal information on the Internet. In short the Internet has made it so everybody can be an writer and the writer can be anon. . This has led to jobs with trust. If anyone can print, how can we swear the information? It has besides led to inquiries about free address because the Internet is so anon. people can compose or make whatever they want. They can print hateful messages and commit hatred offenses. Another job is that the Internet is planetary and different states have different Torahs so who has legal power when a jurisprudence is broken? Some states have erected a planetary firewall to ban the populati on to unwanted political or societal positions. Last there is a job with what people put up online sing privateness. I did non truly understand this issue but that is non the point. The point is that computing machines have made these jobs more broad spread and prevalent and yes these subjects were talked about in the regular moralss, but they were talked about separately. In computing machines they all come at the same clip and converge in different ways to make a new set of issues Moor has a nice manner to turn to it. He views computing machine moralss as a specific field where we identify policy vacuities that before the computing machine did non be. He states that computing machine moralss attempts to clear up conceptual confusion environing these issues and to explicate and warrant new policies in countries with either no policies or policies that have been broken. So who would be the best people to analyze this new signifier of moralss? In the article, On the Importance of Tea ching Professional Ethics to Computer Science Students, Gordana and Dodig-Crnkovic has an interesting thought. They say that In order to understand computing machine moralss jobs we need a new type of individual. We need person who understands the cultural functions that computing machines play and they besides have to hold an apprehension of the proficient inside informations of the job. In short we need person who understands societal branchings every bit good as the computing machine scientific discipline portion. Thus it makes sense to learn computing machine moralss with computing machine scientific discipline. So non merely is it portion of our computing machine scientific discipline model but people with proficient cognition are better suited for computing machine moralss. The following inquiry would be what ethical theories should be used in the schoolroom. It is of class non appropriate to try to utilize spiritual ethical theories so what should we utilize? Should we utiliz e useful or virtue moralss? One article I read said that a figure of philosophers have argued that traditional ethical theories can non be applied to all computing machine moralss issues. These ethical theories include deontological, useful, and aretaic ( virtue moralss ) theories. I besides read another article that suggested we use a intercrossed attack. It recommends that high school pupils can easy utilize Kantian moralss and virtuousness moralss to make an ethical determination. The pupils must happen a solution to which both of the ethical theories apply. So far we have seen that Computer ethics is different that regular moralss. I have demonstrated ways in which the computing machine engineering has created nothingnesss in policies and how engineering has changed ethical thought. Last I have shown that it takes techniquly minded people to understand computing machine moralss. Therefore there is a demand for computing machine scientific discipline pupils to understand moralss. We have seen that pupils will profit from a class in moralss and we have besides seen what computing machine morals is. We have besides talked about some benefits along the manner so now let ‘s take a expression at other benefits in learning our pupils moralss Reasons why There are many benefits in learning moralss to our pupils. The NCSS says that moralss is an indispensable constituent for societal engagement and interpersonal relationships so pupils need to make and show their ain personal strong beliefs as portion of their ethical decision-making procedure. In fact even John Dewey recognizes the demand to learn moral judgement to pupils. The article goes on to state that ethical thought gives pupils the ability to conceive of and research possibilities before they make a judgement. As pupils apply moralss to real-life scenarios they non merely develop their sense of moralss but they besides develop higher-order thought accomplishments. When pupils are believing ethically they ‘re working at the top three degrees of Bloom ‘s taxonomy. They are utilizing creativeness, synthesis and analysis. As already mentioned, computing machines have created many ethical issues that have non existed in the yesteryear. When people are working on computing machines they miss the face-to-face contact of working with people. They are indirectly removed by the machine, as such ; they do non see the moral branchings of their actions. They do non believe about other people when doing determinations. This means that as instructors we need to speak about these issues. We need to acquire our pupils to believe about the universe in which they like to populate. They need to develop a codification of behavior. They need to believe about how they treat other people, even people they do n't see. Computers have created new signifiers of media which are more synergistic. Now anybody has the ability to pass on globally. They can be anon. . Peoples can copy and reproduce any signifier of digital information. This new signifier of engineering airss many jobs. Hackers could utilize distant terminuss to in terrupt into systems. They may or may non hold a malicious purpose. They could be merely proving their accomplishments as a hacker and in making so may really assist by indicating out holes in the security. So does the Intent do this action ethical or is it still unethical because the individual broke in. Another job is the copying of proprietary plants. The writer or Godheads rely on income by selling their package to people who are willing to purchase their merchandise. If the people who are willing to purchase the merchandise acquire it for free, so the Godhead loses money. Not merely do writers hold to worry about their plants being copied, confidential records can be easy copied between databases. Another concern is about what types of information authoritiess or corporations collect about us. This is known as the large brother fright. It is of import to state pupils they have the right to see any information on any database sing themselves. This is known as the freedom of info rmation act. The whole armory of ethical issues can be drawn from the field of unreal intelligence entirely. The involvement and consequence will go even more outstanding as clip Marches frontward Deborah Hurley ( 2000 ) presents the thought that computing machine devices will shortly be portion of our vesture and even portion of our organic structures such as biochips and implants. The ethical deductions will go on to progress. There are a batch of issues related to computing machine moralss and as the engineering evolves and becomes more incorporate into the societal facets of mundane life, there becomes a stronger demand to learn pupils about moralss and what it means to act ethically. Last we are learning our pupils computing machine scientific discipline. Computer scientific discipline is a profession and as such it has a codification of behavior. What I mean to state is that we have several professional organisations and each has its ain codification of behavior. There is ACM, AITP and IEEE-CS. We are learning our pupils computing machine scientific discipline and moralss is an built-in portion of it. In category we talked about how most pupils will non prosecute computing machine scientific discipline in any signifier of postsecondary surveies. My counter statement to this is merely because they are non taking station secondary surveies, does non intend they wo n't develop plans in the hereafter. So it is up to us to learn them to believe ethically about the package they create. Just expression at the ruins of the yesteryear when coders and plans failed. There was The detonation of the country and five projectile in 1996 or the Therac-25 machine which gave peop le excessively much radiation. Computer scientific discipline has direct impact on the quality of people ‘s lives and they must take into history the wellness safety and public assistance of the populace. It is & lt ; = a professional codification of behavior that makes moving ethically the norm. It outlines their duties to themselves and the public codification Acts of the Apostless as an educational tool supplying a focal point for treatment as it talks about professional behavior. I think it would be a good thought to do a professional codification of behavior with your category. This could work as a schoolroom direction scheme. In your category you want your pupils to move ethically. You do non desire them to copy and glue codification from the Internet. You do non desire them to disrespect each other. You want assignments in on clip. I could travel on and on but to sum it all up you want your pupils to move professionally. In this subdivision we once more looked at all the specific ethical issues from this it is easy to see all the negative effects they can hold on our pupils. We need to learn them moralss so they can believe about each state of affairs as the demand arises and while we do this we are learning them critical accomplishments. We are learning the higher degrees of Bloom ‘s taxonomy. If this is non an adequate ground to convert you we are learning them a profession and with that profession comes ethical duties. These duties can be imported into your schoolroom to make a better richer larning environment. We have seen that Computer ethics is a new typical field that your pupils can larn a great trade from and we have besides seen that the pupils will profit emencily. If your still non convinced the model says we have to learn moralss and we mine every bit good do it right. Dodig-Crnkovic, G. ( n.d. ) . On the Importance of Teaching Professional Ethics to Computer Science Students. www.idt.mdh.se. Retrieved November 4, 2010, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.idt.mdh.se/~gdc/work/TeachingProfEthics.pdf Herman, T. ( 2001 ) . The province of computing machine moralss as a philosophical field of enquiry: Some modern-day positions, future projections, and current resources. Ethical motives and Information Technology, 3, 97 – 108. Hindi, N. M. ( 2002 ) . Computer Literacy: Deductions for Teaching a College-Level Course. Journal of Information Systems Education, Vol. 13 ( 2 ) , 143 – 152. Lehman, K. ( 2009 ) . Teaching Information Ethical motives to High School Students. Library Media Connection, v27, p28-30. Pass, S. ( 2009 ) . Teaching Ethical motives to High School Students. Social Studies, v100 n1, p23-30. Rikowski, R. ( n.d. ) . Teaching ethical issues in Information Technology: how and when. www.libr.org. Retrieved November 4, 2010, from www.libr.org/isc/issues/ISC23/B9a % 20Ruth % 20Rikowski.pdf

A Discussion On Ethics And Law Essay - 1635 Words

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Analysis Of Raymond Carver s Cathedral, A Man And His...

Kristoffer LaMantain Sandiford ENG 1-B E-6 10 December 2015 Spouses for Humanity Humanity’s potential to develop interpersonal relationships is fundamental to their growth and can be detrimental to society if not maintained. Focusing on a relationship between two spouses; it is traditionally presumed to be mutually beneficial. It is this mutual benefit where a healthy relationship can contribute to an individual’s attainment of goals, moral construction, and perception of society. â€Å"Interpersonal relationships have traditionally been regarded as one of the major determinants of health and well-being† (Paat). But what constitutes a healthy relationship? In Raymond Carver’s â€Å"Cathedral† a man and his wife on the surface have a rocky relationship that seems to be teetering on the husband’s impartiality to his wife and the wife’s resentment towards her husband’s impartiality. However, Brewer-Davis states that, â€Å"loving someone sometimes seems to appropriately override impartiali ty†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The ties that this couple has established and the healthy communication of their moral standing is the key to their growth. Although the husband is considered sort of a ‘bad boy’ and the wife is characterized as a sweet, caring individual; it is this difference in personalities that brings them together as the husband receives emotional stimulation that he could not otherwise get by himself. Consequently, the wife receives a reality check from her husband’s partiality and rational demeanor. PaatShow MoreRelatedMinimalism by Raymond Carver Essay3013 Words   |  13 PagesCriticism Minimalism by Raymond Carver English 210 P. Fishman Research Paper Literary Criticism on Minimalism by Raymond Carver Raymond Carver was a master of the short story during the mid nineteenth century due to his unique minimalistic style. Carver has his own artistic signature when it comes to writing, he tells his stories using the leastRead MoreDo We See The Same Way That We Think?1312 Words   |  6 Pagesbegin, â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carver is a true example of how literature not only shares the outer view of humans, but also what is going on in their minds. This story moves along with its powerful theme and variety of characters within it. You cannot simply look at the surface of something to truly understand the full details of it because what you see or think is on the outside, may not be what is on the inside. This is considered to be the main theme of â€Å"Cathedral†. The narrator’s wife invites

Disney s Of Race And Culture - 1612 Words

Walt Disney’s animated classics are prominent and affluential for the millennial generation and are loved by many people all over the world, preferably by the western socialized population. Because of its dominance, Disney’s subliminal impacts on children and even adults are presented as an enormous socialization factor throughout Hollywood. Disney’s portrayal of race and culture is predominant throughout its characters, settings and music, specifically in the last 2  ½ decades. The following analysis investigates Disney’s utilization of race and culture, throughout its films and correlates with its awareness in social responsibility. A paramount example would be Disney’s, A Bug’s Life, presenting many key components of race and culture and how the lives of the main characters are impacted as a whole. Culture is defined as â€Å"The ideas, customs, and social behaviour of a particular people or society† (Oxford Dictionary: 2015). The diversity portrayed in the film A Bug’s Life, embellishes the different types of social hierarchy amongst the different characters in the film. The colony of ants illustrates a functionalist perspective among social order. In order for them to keep peace with the demanding grasshoppers, they must gather an abundance of food, which will keep them and the grasshoppers nourished until the following year. The ant’s way of living is very strategic; they base most of their days on working in order to fulfill their duty to the grasshoppers. â€Å"TheShow MoreRelatedWalt Disney : An Issue With Race1543 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the course of eighty years Walt Disney has made a lot of movies. In these movies there are characters that dance, sing, and do things that normal people could not do. Their movies have been very profitab le over the years; however, these movies have faced some serious issues. Walter Elias â€Å"Walt† Disney is the of the founder of The Walt Disney Company. He started off writing short little stories that could be ran in television and movie theaters. Some of these short stories wereRead MoreQuestionable Social Messages Spread by Disney864 Words   |  3 Pagessocial beliefs and behaviours. This is explained in the New York Times opinion column, Its Racist, But Hey, Its Disney. Children are more vulnerable to the powers of the media. Disney movies are also a vehicle for spreading cultural notions, such as racism. This medium opens an avenue where children can be indoctrinated and pass questionable values on to following generations. Walt Disney shows us how his strong feelings and or values shown in his films were all meant in a good way. â€Å"Our heritageRead MoreHong Kong Disney1308 Words   |  6 Pagesthree most important success factors in the theme park business? 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However, The world of Disney teaches messages to childrenRead MoreThe Colonialism Of The Walt Disney Company1571 Words   |  7 PagesMy topic is the colonialism of The Walt Disney Company. When defining colonialism, I will be referring to two general definitions that are applicable to modern day colonialism as seen through cultural appropriation, and cultural commodification of Disney and the tourist industry. Oxford Dictionaries defines colonialism as, â€Å"the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with se ttlers, and exploiting it economically,† and Stanford EncyclopediaRead MoreDisney : A Dreaming Nonconformist1353 Words   |  6 PagesDisney: A Dreaming Nonconformist Society has a rule book, it lists how we should act and think and be. Some people decide to disregard the rule book and write their own. These people are daring, different, and sometimes even seen as impractical but often they leave a lasting impact on our lives. I know of many people who fit this description, but none more influential on our lives today than Walt Disney. Walt Disney was a producer of motion-pictures and television shows. He was a showman and isRead MoreThe Gulf War And Its Effects On Character Portrayal1028 Words   |  5 PagesThe Gulf War and Its Effects on Character Portrayal in â€Å"Aladdin† Background Knowledge In the year 1992 Aladdin was released by Disney, making it one of the fastest growing films. The movie is based off of a young thief whom seeks a better life in Agrhaba, a city that very much resembles those of Arab countries. Aladdin ironically was being produced â€Å"during the 1991 Gulf War under the Bush administration. The war lasted six months. It was conflict between Iraq and 34 countries in the U.N., including

Following Assignment Will Aim to Address and Relevant Issues

Question: Assignment Will Aim To Address And Discuss Relevant Issues? Answer: Introduction The following assignment will aim to address and discuss relevant issues pertaining to the impact of two public health interventions or programs that have been utilized to mitigate the public health concern related to the outbreak and spread of HIV/AIDS amongst the people who inject drugs (PWID) in Australia. Discussions will be carried out with respect to the definite public health programs that were applied in the health scenario of the defined region for ameliorating the spread of HIV/AIDS in the concerned population. Lessons learnt from the interventions that hold the potential to inform future public health actions and steering positive outcomes will be addressed as well. Critical analysis of the interventions with mention about the strengths and limitations will be done to provide succinct overview on the topic. A comprehensive synopsis of the measurable impact of the interventions will be provided alongside detailed description of the intervention or program. Prior to the deta iled analysis and description of the interventions, the pertinent issue, the population and population group in addition to the identified risks and determinants of health will be incorporated to offer an insight on the interventions. The public health interventions comprising of the Needle and Syringe Program and the Condom Social Marketing Program will be explained in course of the assignment. Brief Overview People who inject drugs (PWID) have been found to possess greater propensity of being infected by HIV/AIDS in contrast to their general counterparts who do not engage in such activities. However, a contradictory observation in this respect suggests that because of the stigmatization and criminalization of the actions presented by the PWID they are more likely to be deprived of the basic access to healthcare services, subsequent treatments and preventive measures related to the HIV. The presence of societal stigma and preconceived notion about them are largely responsible for making it more vulnerable for them to encounter discriminating and health inequity while suffering from AIDS like condition. The reaching out to the population is another challenging task for the healthcare workers and other associated team members that further aggravates the situation making it more difficult to intervene. Thus, pertinent information and succinct knowledge related to the multifaceted and various health factors as well as health behaviors that account for the spreading of HIV among the PWID population is desirable (Mathers et al., 2013). The most prominent factors that paved the way for resulting in the spread and outbreak of HIV among the PWID population encompass several crucial issues. The health related risk factors identified that are intimately associated with the harboring of AIDs like condition in PWID include, sharing of needles, sex work practice. Other factors that are indirectly related as potential agents for culminating in the emanation of AIDS like symptom refer to the marginalization and criminalization under the jurisdiction of law, unemployment and poor socio-economic background in conjunction with threats of imprisonment and detention. PWID encompass individuals belonging to diverse backgrounds and genders including women, transgender women, sex workers, Aboriginal andTorres Strait Islander people. The faulty healthcare practices as well as the apprehensi ons of the PWIDS are the major identified reasons that are responsible for the inability of holistically addressing the HIV/AIDS issue among the concerned population. Ignorance about the correct health procedure, dearth of knowledge on matter concerning the pathogenesis and possible routes of transmission of HIV are some of the vital reasons that have lead to the onset of the diseased symptoms. However amongst the identified factors, the issue of sharing needles is considered particularly threatening as the vulnerable groups are more likely to resort to sharing the needles due to inability and regulatory restrictions of buying syringes for some other purposes other than the medical ones (Rowe Berger, 2015). Thus, the need to invest in taking initiatives that will effectively mitigate the issue is required to offer best possible resolution for combating the ill effects and adverse outcomes due to such possibilities and confounding factors are necessary. Holistic interventions are re quired in this respect to cope up with the ensuing condition. Two of the implemented methods that accounted for combating the condition prevalent because of HIV/AIDS encompassing Needle and Syringe Program in addition to Condom Social Marketing Program amongst the PWID in Australian context will be discussed for understanding their potential benefits and efficacy in terms of tackling the thwarting situation. Identified intervention programs Needle and Syringe Program (NSP) Condom Social Marketing Program (CSMP) Critical analysis of the intervention The NSP introduction in the Australian scenario has been found to generate mostly positive outcomes whereby the PWID have been largely benefited from such interventions. The community based outreach intervention in the form of NSP has lead to producing utilities that further helped to improve the condition of the PWIDs. The risk reduction services have been particularly fruitful in terms of rendering holistic education and recommending strategies that might curb the rates of HIV incidences allaying the risky behavior in the vulnerable population. Those individuals who are more predisposed to be infected by HIV and acquire AIDS have been carefully included in the program regime so that adequate measures may be employed in tackling their condition. Prompt and adequate impetus was sent for taking forward the AIDS prevention remedies among the population at large following the introduction of NSP. The discrimination and marginalization of the PWID was reduced drastically that further str engthened the decision making and policy implementation procedure for the concerned authorities. As part of the comprehensive HIV prevention strategy, the NSP initiative was particularly important as it paved the way for further scaling up and sustenance of the HIV prevention outreach. However, the limitation of the program may be identified to be the need for constant strengthening and advocacy to account for the correct implementation of the program thereby leading to fulfillment of the desired objectives. Repeated evaluation and constant monitoring is essential to procure the necessary benefits from observing the NSP strategy (Needle et al., 2005). The era of the biomedical advancements has witnessed crucial changes in the political and social contexts as well. The importance of working with the socially vulnerable groups have been emphasized in the programs who are essentially designated as the key populations have been further stressed upon for eliciting positive outcomes. Community participation and imparting of holistic education has been greatly linked to harboring good results. The threats posed in HIV prevalence has been seen with respect to lack of condom use. Hence, it is considered as an essential step to introduce the use of condoms as part of the safe sex strategy to abate the possibility of contracting HIV and other blood borne viral disease. However amidst all the advantages of using condoms, there still remain doubts in the minds of many regarding the use of condoms as a means of rendering effective protection against HIV/AIDS (Paiva et al., 2015). Measurable impact of interventions The impact of the timely intervention of the Needle and Syringe Program in Australia has been largely studied in researches. The rates of prevalence among the PWID following such intervention has been investigated in order to determine the possible correlation among the associated factors over the certain timeframe. Data relevant to 15 years of surveillance carried out with respect to people who inject drugs suggested that HIV prevalence among the NSP attendees remained low and relatively stable thereby suggestive of the efficacy of such interventions in the greater perspective. Further for eliciting drug policy, NSP may be considered as a novel and recommendable approach of HIV surveillance among the PWID in settings where such programs are commonly reckoned as integral constituent of public health approach. Evidence based suggestions in the global scenario as well is suggestive of the fact that NSP is effective in mitigating the HIV prevalence among the PWID and timely and widespre ad introduction of the program might help in tackling with the global epidemic and health burden due to HIV/AIDS (Topp et al., 2011). A study conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the projected HIV preventive strategies among the PWID have also suggested the additional benefits obtained from using condoms in the vulnerable group. Significant reductions in the rates of HIV/AIDS highlighted the importance engaging in such behaviors where the chances of transmission of the virus gets drastically reduced because of the safe sex practice that limit the transfer of infection. The PWIDS apart from using the sterilized needles are likely to derive the optimal bebefits from using such devices as a means of protection and prevention from the sexually transmitted disease (Abdul-Quader et al., 2013). Description of intervention program The Needle and Syringe Program conducted in the Australian context aimed to provide increased support for rendering the appropriate and feasible counseling, education and referral services to the vulnerable population by virtue of community based interventions to curtail the rates of HIV prevalence and incidences. The widely accepted and acknowledged policies and programs that fall under the Australias harm minimization strategy forms the foundation of the National Drug Strategy. In this connection a wide range of integrated approaches are found to be integral in maintaining a balance and synergy between the demand reduction, supply mitigation and harm abatement. The early and vigorous HIV prevention mechanisms that were pursued in Australia targeted for the injecting drug users resulted for exhibiting the low and stable rates of prevalence of HIV among the concerned vulnerable groups. The primary agendas of such interventions addressed on enhancing the access to treatment and suppor t, improving and increasing the reach of both education and prevention initiatives along with improvement of the current HIV and hepatitis C surveillance system. Thus, the PWID are likely to be benefited by such initiatives through inclusion of them into the main program for the sake of reducing the rates of spread of infection (health.gov.au, 2017). The Condom Social Marketing Program (CSMP) has been strategized in the Australian context to mitigate the HIV/AIDS issue from spreading due to improper transmission and infective routes among the PWID. The application of the commercial marketing techniques to achieve a social goal is commonly referred to as the social marketing program. The program aimed to make condoms more affordable and accessible. Simultaneously the said program highlighted on spreading the use of condoms among the target population for increasing the acceptance of condoms among the vulnerable population. Specific condom brand is developed and marketed with a promotional campaign to sell the product to the target audience. Availability and use pertaining to the use of condoms are thereby increased by means of employing such program. The behavioral, psychological and biological outcomes related to HIV prevention are likely to be impacted by the condom application. Since its first introduction among the gay communi ties, the condom use has received much attention for safe sex advocacy. Similar and effective responses have also been received from the PWID community thereby suggestive of its efficacy in controlling the HIV prevalence (Aggleton Kippax, 2014). Lessons learned The NSP program and its efficacy is not only limited to the prevention of HIV/AIDS, but the uses may be further expanded to other blood borne viral diseases that are generally transmitted through sharing of injecting equipment. Thus, associated benefits from following this program may be obtained by means of reducing other harms related to the injected drug use. The recommendations from NSP may be extrapolated to other health conditions by means of providing advice on safer injecting practices, providing suggestion on reducing he harm provoked by drugs thereby accounting for procedure for avoidance and management of drug overdose. Moreover, knowledge and adequate training is provided with respect to the safe handling and disposal of the injecting equipment. Encouragement is given to resorting to safer drug taking practices thereby curbing the possibility of addiction in addition to fostering of other health and welfare services such as that of using condoms as part of safe sex practi ce (Wilson et al., 2014). The CSMP has been found to be quite effective in terms of rendering complete protection against HIV/AIDS. It further accounted for making the future HIV interventions that are essentially comprehensive and integrative. The intervention groups comprising of the men and women are likely to be benefited b such interventions. Focus is laid not only to regulate the individual behavior but also the societal norms that often pose hindrances o effective implementation of the intervention programs (MacArthur et al., 2014). Conclusion The growing volumes of evidences with respect to the interventions undertaken for handling the public health concerns associated with the transmission and prevalence of HIV/AIDS among the people who inject drugs in Australia revealed the efficacy of prudent and pragmatic approaches to safeguard the health of the concerned population. Adequate attention being conferred on the harm reduction because of the presence of HIV/AIDS has been found to harbor optimum outcomes. Significant and situation appropriate measures adopted by the relevant organization with sufficient support and cooperation from the government has lead to the generation of adequate awareness and responsiveness among the vulnerable individuals thereby paving the way for a better tomorrow. The chances of being infected by the HIV pathogens have been drastically reduced as consequence of the relevant interventions (Madden Wodak, 2014). Further empirical findings have brought to the forefront, the positive outcomes of the interventions that demonstrated an extremely low and sustained rate of HIV incidence over the past two decades with the timeframe of 1995-2012, among the PWID. The reason for such holistic outcomes may be attributed to measures following the early establishment and up-gradation of the needle and syringe program with subsequent contribution from other interventions such as that of Condom Social Marketing Program (Iversen et al., 2014). Hence, it may be well commented that abidance with these potential intervention programs are highly successful and effective strategies to deal with the public health issue as observed in case of HIV/AIDS among the concerned population. References Abdul-Quader, A. S., Feelemyer, J., Modi, S., Stein, E. S., Briceno, A., Semaan, S., ... Des Jarlais, D. C. (2013). Effectiveness of structural-level needle/syringe programs to reduce HCV and HIV infection among people who inject drugs: a systematic review.AIDS and Behavior,17(9), 2878-2892. Aggleton, P., Kippax, S. (2014). Australia's HIV-Prevention Response: Introduction to the Special Issue.AIDS Education and Prevention,26(3), 187-190. Health.gov.au. (2017). Retrieved 22 May 2017, from https://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/83AAED699516CE2DCA257BF0001E7255/$File/evid.pdf Iversen, J., Wand, H., Topp, L., Kaldor, J. and Maher, L., 2014. Extremely low and sustained HIV incidence among people who inject drugs in a setting of harm reduction.AIDS,28(2), pp.275-278. MacArthur, G. J., van Velzen, E., Palmateer, N., Kimber, J., Pharris, A., Hope, V., ... Rhodes, T. (2014). Interventions to prevent HIV and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: a review of reviews to assess evidence of effectiveness.International Journal of Drug Policy,25(1), 34-52. Madden, A., Wodak, A. (2014). Australia's response to HIV among people who inject drugs.AIDS Education and Prevention,26(3), 234-244. Mathers, B. M., Degenhardt, L., Bucello, C., Lemon, J., Wiessing, L., Hickman, M. (2013). Mortality among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Bulletin of the World Health Organization,91(2), 102-123. Needle, R. H., Burrows, D., Friedman, S. R., Dorabjee, J., Touz, G., Badrieva, L., ... Latkin, C. (2005). Effectiveness of community-based outreach in preventing HIV/AIDS among injecting drug users.International Journal of Drug Policy,16, 45-57. Paiva, V., Ferguson, L., Aggleton, P., Mane, P., Kelly-Hanku, A., Giang, L. M., ... Parker, R. (2015). The current state of play of research on the social, political and legal dimensions of HIV.Cadernos de saude publica,31(3), 477-486. Rowe, R., Berger, I. (2015). Patterns of performance and image enhancing drug use among men accessing needle and syringe programs in Sydney, Australia.Drug Alcohol Dependence,156, e194.' Topp, L., Day, C. A., Iversen, J., Wand, H., Maher, L., Collaboration of Australian NSPs. (2011). Fifteen years of HIV surveillance among people who inject drugs: the Australian Needle and Syringe Program Survey 19952009.Aids,25(6), 835-842. Wilson, H., Brener, L., Mao, L., Treloar, C. (2014). Perceived discrimination and injecting risk among people who inject drugs attending Needle and Syringe Programmes in Sydney, Australia.Drug and alcohol dependence,144, 274-278.

Kingdom Of Benin Essays - Africa, Edo People, States Of Nigeria

Kingdom of Benin annon Benin was an influential city-state in northwest Africa generally from the 15th to 17th century. It was founded by the Edo or Bini people in the 13th century, and by the early 14th century a royal court was in place. It was always ruled by a powerful king who was usually a former war leader. The kings, however, later became a more religious figure. The kingdom has been though to extend throughout what is presently southern Nigeria. One of its most successful kings was Ozoula. During his reign, from about 1480 to 1504, Benin established many commercial and diplomatic relations with Portugal. The kingdom participated in a lot of trade with Europe. Some of the goods they traded included palm oil, ivory, pepper, and textiles. Another industry Benin took place in was the slave trade. Mostly POW's and women were traded, but in the early years, men of the tribe were also given away. Gradually, the power of the kingdom decreased as the 18th and 19th centuries passed. Eventually, in 1897, the area was annexed to British Nigeria. While tribesmen still led the area, the real control was in the hands of the Europeans. One of the richest arts that originated in Africa are some of the hand cast bronzes that came out of the kingdom of Benin. These became known as the Benin Bronzes. The casting of brass was strictly a royal art and anyone found casting brass without royal permission was faced with execution. Whenever a king or a major figure died, a beautiful commemorative head was cast out of bronze in his honor. These heads were displayed at shrines found all throughout the royal palace. Also found in the royal palace were eight wall- sized bronze plaques. Each plaque depicted kings, chiefs, and great warriors in battle. They each depict a different event in Benin's history. Many things including utensils and weapons have also been found, each hand cast with brass. As you can see, the Beninian people were very gifted in this fine art and it is one of the richest parts of their culture.